Table 2.
Clinically important drug-disease interactions overall and by organ systema
| Interaction | Year 2 (n = 2,402) n (%) |
Year 3 (n = 2,136) n (%) |
Year 5 (n = 1,842) n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Any drug-disease interaction | 183 (7.62) | 163 (7.63) | 172 (9.34) |
| Cognitive impairment/dementia (any) | 40 (1.67) | 61 (2.86) | 49 (2.66) |
| Anticholinergics | 22 (0.92) | 33 (1.54) | 27 (1.47) |
| Antiemetics | 1 (0.04) | 6 (0.28) | 3 (0.16) |
| Antidepressants | 8 (0.33) | 8 (0.37) | 9 (0.49) |
| Antihistamines | 8 (0.33) | 13 (0.61) | 4 (0.22) |
| Anti-Parkinson agents | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) |
| Antipsychotics | 2 (0.08) | 1 (0.05) | 2 (0.11) |
| Gastrointestinal antispasmodics | 3 (0.12) | 1 (0.05) | 1 (0.05) |
| Urinary antispasmodics | 1 (0.04) | 2 (0.09) | 8 (0.43) |
| Miscellaneous | 2 (0.08) | 3 (0.14) | 1 (0.05) |
| BZD receptor agonists | 9 (0.37) | 20 (0.94) | 7 (0.38) |
| H2 receptor antagonists | 18 (0.75) | 22 (1.03) | 21 (1.14) |
| Falls (any) | 120 (5.00) | 83 (3.89) | 110 (5.97) |
| Anticonvulsants | 15 (0.62) | 19 (0.89) | 24 (1.30) |
| Antipsychotics | 4 (0.17) | 1 (0.05) | 4 (0.22) |
| BZD receptor agonists | 43 (1.79) | 24 (1.12) | 34 (1.85) |
| Opioid receptor agonists | 37 (1.54) | 23 (1.08) | 30 (1.63) |
| SSRIs | 27 (1.12) | 33 (1.54) | 42 (2.28) |
| TCAs | 21 (0.87) | 10 (0.47) | 10 (0.54) |
| Heart failure (any) | 24 (1.00) | 21 (0.98) | 21 (1.14) |
| Diltiazem | 9 (0.37) | 7 (0.33) | 5 (0.27) |
| NSAIDs | 13 (0.54) | 12 (0.56) | 14 (0.76) |
| TZDs | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.05) |
| Verapamil | 3 (0.12) | 3 (0.14) | 3 (0.16) |
| Parkinson’s disease | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) |
| Antipsychoticsb, metoclopramide, prochlorperazine, or promethazine |
|||
| Renal impairment (eGFR < 30 mL/min) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.05) | 2 (0.11) |
| NSAIDs | |||
| Syncope history (any) | 11 (0.46) | 8 (0.37) | 8 (0.43) |
| AChEIs | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.11) |
| Alpha blockers (peripheral) | 9 (0.37) | 6 (0.28) | 4 (0.22) |
| Chlorpromazine | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) |
| Olanzapine | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.05) |
| TCAs (tertiary) | 1 (0.04) | 2 (0.09) | 1 (0.05) |
| Thioridazine | 1 (0.04) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) |
a
Participants could have > 1 potentially inappropriate drug-disease interaction;
b
Does not include clozapine or quetiapine.
Abbreviations: AChEIs = acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; BZD = benzodiazepine; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; NSAIDs = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; H = histamine; SSRIs = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TCAs = tricyclic antidepressants; TZDs = thiazolidinediones.