Table 5. Association between raw garlic consumption and lung cancer stratified by major risk factors.
| Variable | Never | Any | <2 times/week | ≥2 times/week | Ptrenda | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ca/Co | Ca/Co | aORa (95% CI) | Ca/Co | aORa (95% CI) | Ca/Co | aORa (95% CI) | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| <55 | 88/65 | 67/156 | 0.36 (0.23–0.58) | 34/81 | 0.33 (0.19–0.58) | 33/75 | 0.40 (0.23–0.72) | <0.001 |
| ≥55 | 109/95 | 128/132 | 0.69 (0.45–1.08) | 70/59 | 0.82 (0.49–1.39) | 58/73 | 0.57 (0.33–0.99) | 0.049 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Males | 92/83 | 103/138 | 0.64 (0.40–1.03) | 54/61 | 0.68 (0.39–1.20) | 49/77 | 0.60 (0.34–1.08) | 0.071 |
| Females | 105/77 | 92/150 | 0.46 (0.30–0.72) | 50/79 | 0.49 (0.29–0.81) | 42/71 | 0.43 (0.25–0.75) | 0.001 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never | 96/99 | 82/177 | 0.49 (0.32–0.76) | 49/86 | 0.59 (0.35–0.97) | 33/91 | 0.41 (0.24–0.71) | <0.001 |
| Ever | 101/61 | 113/11 | 0.56 (0.34–0.91) | 55/54 | 0.44 (0.20–0.96) | 58/57 | 0.63 (0.28–1.41) | 0.063 |
| Indoor air pollution | ||||||||
| None | 18/28 | 20/57 | 0.53 (0.21–1.36) | 11/20 | 0.73 (0.24–2.23) | 9/37 | 0.35 (0.11–1.10) | 0.075 |
| Low | 74/88 | 66/153 | 0.52 (0.33–0.83) | 39/80 | 0.58 (0.34–0.99) | 27/73 | 0.45 (0.25–0.82) | 0.006 |
| High | 88/42 | 80/72 | 0.49 (0.29–0.84) | 40/38 | 0.44 (0.24–0.83) | 40/34 | 0.62 (0.32–1.19) | 0.077 |
| Alcohol Drinking | ||||||||
| No | 148/126 | 146/210 | 0.57 (0.40–0.82) | 83/105 | 0.65 (0.42–0.99) | 63/105 | 0.51 (0.32–0.81) | 0.003 |
| Yes | 49/34 | 49/78 | 0.41 (0.21–0.82) | 21/35 | 0.34 (0.15–0.81) | 28/43 | 0.53 (0.23–1.21) | 0.078 |
| Tea Drinking | ||||||||
| Never | 121/91 | 117/163 | 0.55 (0.36–82) | 65/81 | 0.63 (0.39–1.00) | 52/82 | 0.46 (0.29–0.77) | 0.002 |
| Ever | 76/69 | 39/59 | 0.46 (0.27–0.78) | 39/59 | 0.42 (0.22–0.80) | 39/66 | 0.50 (0.26–0.95) | 0.019 |
| Supplement useb | ||||||||
| No | 171/123 | 167/221 | 0.49 (0.34–0.69) | 86/105 | 0.51 (0.33–0.77) | 81/116 | 0.46 (0.30–0.72) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 23/34 | 26/64 | 0.78 (0.33–1.87) | 17/34 | 0.87 (0.32–2.31) | 9/30 | 0.76 (0.24–2.35) | 0.622 |
| Histo-pathology | ||||||||
| ACC | 53/160 | 54/288 | 0.55 (0.34–0.89) | 33/140 | 0.67 (0.38–1.16) | 21/148 | 0.43 (0.22–0.81) | <0.001 |
| SqCC | 47/160 | 42/288 | 0.44 (0.25–0.77) | 17/140 | 0.32 (0.15–0.67) | 25/148 | 0.59 (0.30–1.17) | 0.050 |
| SmCC | 26/160 | 31/288 | 0.61 (0.33–1.13) | 17/140 | 0.60 (0.29–1.24) | 14/148 | 0.58 (0.26–1.28) | 0.136 |
Ca/Co = cases/controls; aOR = adjusted odds ratio; ACC = adenocarcinoma, SqCC = squamous cell carcinoma, SmCC = small cell carcinoma.
adjusted for age (in years except for subgroups of age), sex (except for subgroups of sex), average annual household income 10 years ago (<1000 = 1, 1000-2499 = 2, 2500-4999 = 3, ≥5000 = 4), pack years of smoking (continuous, except for subgroups of smoking), and indoor air pollution (an index of 0 = none, 1-2 = low and 3-5 = high indoor air pollution except for subgroups of indoor air pollution).
supplement use includes intake of one or more of the following: vitamin A, beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium, selenium, zinc or multivitamins. Statistically significant OR estimates and p-values are presented in bold font.