Table 3.
Average treatment effects: Communication
| Outcome | Scale (>) (1) |
Obs (2) |
Control
|
1 month ATE
|
3 month ATE
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (3) |
SD (4) |
β (5) |
SE (6) |
Δ (7) |
Δ95% (8) |
β (9) |
SE (10) |
Δ (11) |
Δ95% (12) |
|||
| Caregiver report | ||||||||||||
| Whole family communication† | z (+) | 460 | 3.32 | 0.79 | 0.53 | 0.12*** | 0.67 | (0.37 to 0.97) | 0.70 | 0.13*** | 0.89 | (0.57 to 1.21) |
| Freq of communication about sex (FCG) | 0–3 (+) | 824 | 1.05 | 0.90 | 0.77 | 0.12*** | 0.86 | (0.61 to 1.11) | 0.71 | 0.14*** | 0.79 | (0.49 to 1.08) |
| Freq of communication about sex (MCG) | 0–3 (+) | 549 | 1.01 | 0.83 | 0.44 | 0.18* | 0.52 | (0.10 to 0.95) | 0.52 | 0.20** | 0.62 | (0.15 to 1.09) |
| Qual of communication about sex (FCG) | 1–4 (+) | 821 | 2.87 | 0.58 | 0.25 | 0.08** | 0.44 | (0.16 to 0.71) | 0.28 | 0.11* | 0.48 | (0.11 to 0.84) |
| Qual of communication about sex (MCG) | 1–4 (+) | 544 | 2.83 | 0.47 | 0.24 | 0.06*** | 0.51 | (0.25 to 0.77) | 0.17 | 0.10• | 0.36 | (−0.06 to 0.78) |
| Parent-adolescent communication (FCG) | 1–4 (+) | 822 | 3.03 | 0.43 | 0.31 | 0.07*** | 0.73 | (0.42 to 1.05) | 0.20 | 0.10* | 0.47 | (0.01 to 0.93) |
| Parent-adolescent communication (MCG) | 1–4 (+) | 548 | 3.01 | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.07*** | 0.84 | (0.51 to 1.18) | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.38 | (−0.09 to 0.85) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Youth Report | ||||||||||||
| Whole family communication | z (+) | 877 | 2.70 | 0.85 | 0.54 | 0.10*** | 0.63 | (0.41 to 0.86) | 0.72 | 0.13*** | 0.85 | (0.56 to 1.14) |
| Freq of communication about sex | 0–3 (+) | 877 | 0.62 | 0.67 | 0.35 | 0.08*** | 0.53 | (0.28 to 0.77) | 0.53 | 0.12*** | 0.79 | (0.43 to 1.15) |
| Qual of communication about sex (FCG) | 1–4 (+) | 869 | 2.51 | 0.64 | 0.15 | 0.07* | 0.23 | (0.02 to 0.43) | 0.24 | 0.10* | 0.37 | (0.06 to 0.68) |
| Qual of communication about sex (MCG) | 1–4 (+) | 665 | 2.39 | 0.59 | 0.22 | 0.07** | 0.38 | (0.15 to 0.60) | 0.25 | 0.10** | 0.42 | (0.10 to 0.73) |
| Parent-adolescent communication (FCG) | 1–4 (+) | 863 | 3.13 | 0.45 | 0.10 | 0.06• | 0.23 | (−0.03 to 0.49) | 0.21 | 0.08** | 0.48 | (0.14 to 0.82) |
| Parent-adolescent communication (FCG) | 1–4 (+) | 654 | 2.88 | 0.54 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.21 | (−0.06 to 0.47) | 0.22 | 0.11* | 0.40 | (0.02 to 0.79) |
| Economic communication | 0–3 (+) | 877 | 1.69 | 0.56 | 0.14 | 0.06* | 0.26 | (0.04 to 0.48) | 0.25 | 0.09** | 0.44 | (0.11 to 0.77) |
p<0.1,
p<0.05,
p<0.01,
p<0.001
Caregivers’ “Whole Family Communication” scores were invariant at the household level, so this outcome is reported for the subset of unique households at each step (siblings in the sample make some households appear more than once per step).
Note. This table reports average treatment effects that are based on a comparison of treatment and control periods. Column 1 lists the scale of each outcome. The character in parentheses indicates the valence of higher values: good (+) or bad (−). Column 2 reports the number of observations across churches and time periods. Columns 3 and 4 report unadjusted means and standard deviations for outcomes at j=1 when all churches were in the control period. Columns 5 to 8 report the results from an OLS regression of each outcome on a combined indicator of 1- and 3-month post-treatment observations, time fixed effects (omitted), community fixed effects (omitted), and a vector of baseline covariates (omitted). Standard errors clustered at the household-level to account for siblings being nested in households. Columns 9 to 12 report the linear combination of the 1-month and marginal 3-month treatment effects. Columns 7 and 11 report Glass’s Δ, a standardized effect size (ATE/control group SD), and columns 8 and 12 report the 95% confidence interval around these effect size estimates. MCG and FCG indicate male and female caregivers, respectively.