Table 3.

HLM Analysis of Woodcock Johnson Applied Problems Standard Scores, Ages 3–5

Variable	Bivariate	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6
Ethnicity/Mother’s Immigration Status
Mexican undocumented	(ref)	(ref)	(ref)	(ref)	(ref)	(ref)	(ref)
Mexican naturalized/documented	4.11	3.51	3.41	2.29	2.34	2.65	6.04
Mexican U.S. born	7.78 **	5.71 *	5.49	2.82	2.90	3.27	10.08 *
White U.S. born	20.64 ***	17.84 ***	17.67 ***	12.64 **	12.73 **	11.22 **	14.51 **
Black U.S. born	14.29 ***	15.85 ***	15.61 ***	11.61 *	11.64 *	12.70 *	17.79 **
Child/Mother/Family Characteristics
Child female	2.66	2.35	2.34	2.77	2.83	2.84	2.60
Mother’s education < high school	−9.18 ***	0.87	0.88	2.20	2.26	2.75	2.92
Poor family	−10.67 ***	−4.64 *	−4.66 *	−4.17 *	−4.14	−3.50	−3.92
Single parent	−7.85 ***	−5.87 **	−6.00 **	−4.78 *	−4.77 *	−4.31 *	−3.56
Number of children in household	−2.28 *	−1.36 *	−1.37 *	−1.20	−1.19	−0.95	−0.71
Mother depressed	1.84		1.55	1.95	1.99	2.38	2.81
Mother’s Passage Comprehension	0.38 ***			0.13 *	0.12 *	0.08	0.08
Learning materials in home	5.86 ***			1.13	1.11	0.21	0.01
How often mother reads to child	3.03 ***			0.70	0.69	0.67	0.45
Attends center-based child care	6.80 *				0.34	−0.57	−0.65
Neighborhood Characteristics
Concentrated Disadvantage	−6.49 ***					−0.76	−1.24
Concentrated Affluence	9.41 ***					4.85 *	3.16
Immigrant Concentration	−7.38 ***					0.98	7.75 *
Cross-level Interactions
Mexican documented * immigrant							−3.96
Mexican U.S. born * immigrant							−10.7 **
White U.S. born * immigrant							−13.2 **
Black U.S. born * immigrant							−12.7 **
ICC	0.53	0.49	0.49	0.49	0.49	0.48	0.47
Log-likelihood	−1819	−1807	−1807	−1805	−1804	−1797	−1791
Unweighted N=396

Data Source: Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey; 2000 decennial census

^*p<.05

^**p<.01

^***p<.001 (one-tailed test)