Table 1. General characteristics stratified by baseline proteinuria.
| Variable | Baseline UPCR ≤1.04 g/g (n = 999) | Baseline UPCR >1.04 g/g (n = 892) | Pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 68 ± 13 | 64 ± 13 | <0.001 |
| Men | 634 (63.5) | 442 (49.6) | <0.001 |
| Married | 767 (76.8) | 661 (74.1) | 0.177 |
| Educated* | 296 (29.6) | 268 (30.0) | 0.098 |
| Employed | 302 (30.2) | 306 (34.3) | 0.058 |
| Smoker | 189 (18.9) | 190 (21.3) | 0.197 |
| Alcohol | 92 (9.2) | 76 (8.5) | 0.60 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 126 (12.6) | 466 (52.2) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Diabetes | 397 (39.7) | 518 (58.1) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 174 (17.4) | 154 (17.3) | 0.93 |
| Hypertension | 744 (74.5) | 730 (81.8) | <0.001 |
| PCKD | 24 (2.4) | 11 (1.2) | 0.060 |
| Herbal medication use | 70 (7.0) | 78 (8.7) | 0.160 |
| Prescribed | 29 (2.9) | 35 (3.9) | 0.22 |
| Non-prescribed | 46 (4.6) | 46 (5.2) | 0.58 |
| ≥3 antihypertensive agents | 108 (10.8) | 148 (16.6) | <0.001 |
| RAS blockade use | 445 (44.5) | 405 (45.4) | 0.71 |
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| CKD stage 3b | 419 (41.9) | 171 (19.2) | <0.001 |
| CKD stage 4 | 434 (43.4) | 403 (45.2) | 0.46 |
| CKD stage 5 | 146 (14.6) | 318 (35.7) | <0.001 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 93.8 ± 12.2 | 98.4 ± 13.5 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 4.2 | 25.7 ± 4.6 | 0.39 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.6 ± 2.0 | 10.8 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| Corrected calcium (mg/dL) | 9.0 ± 0.6 | 8.9 ± 0.6 | 0.011 |
| Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| UPCR (g/g) | 0.42 ± 0.29 | 2.99 ± 2.36 | <0.001 |
| GFR (mL/min/per 1.73 m2) | 27.24 ± 10.09 | 20.49 ± 9.88 | <0.001 |
| Changes | |||
| ΔMAP (mmHg) | −0.5 ± 14.4 | −1.8 ± 15.9 | 0.059 |
| ΔBMI (kg/m2) | −0.2 ± 1.6 | −0.3 ± 1.8 | 0.31 |
| ΔHemoglobin (g/dL) | 0.0 ± 1.4 | −0.5 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| ΔCorrected Ca (mg/dL) | 0.00 ± 0.6 | 0.0 ± 0.7 | 0.165 |
| ΔPhosphate (mg/dL) | 0.0 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| ΔAlbumin (g/dL) | −0.1 ± 0.4 | −0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.83 |
| ΔUPCR (g/g) | 0.36 ± 1.11 | 0.15 ± 2.76 | 0.029 |
| Interval of changes (months) | 19.1 ± 8.3 | 16.5 ± 6.0 | <0.001 |
| Annual GFR change (mL/min/per 1.73 m2 per year) | −0.07 ± 5.82 | −4.01 ± 5.24 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up time (months) | 34.6 ± 12.3 | 29.2 ± 11.7 | <0.001 |
| Composite renal death | 88 (8.8) | 279 (31.3) | <0.001 |
| Mortality | 28 (2.8) | 32 (3.6) | 0.33 |
| Dialysis | 60 (6.0) | 247 (27.7) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: UPCR, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio; PCKD, polycystic kidney disease; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; CKD, chronic kidney disease; MAP, mean arterial pressure; BMI, body mass index; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; Δ, changes in each covariate (defined as the level during follow-up minus the baseline level).
Note: Data are mean ± SD or frequency (%).
*Participant with at least junior high school education.