Table 3. Characteristics of participants stratified by level of change in proteinuria.
| Variable | ΔUPCR ≤0.30 g/g (n = 1261) | ΔUPCR >0.30 g/g (n = 630) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 67 ± 13 | 65 ± 13 | 0.025 |
| Men | 754 (59.8) | 322 (51.1) | <0.001 |
| Married | 962 (76.3) | 466 (74.0) | 0.28 |
| Educated* | 392 (31.1) | 172 (27.3) | 0.098 |
| Employed | 407 (32.3) | 201 (31.9) | 0.88 |
| Smoker | 259 (20.5) | 120 (19.0) | 0.47 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 365 (28.9) | 227 (36.0) | 0.002 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Diabetes | 592 (46.9) | 323 (51.3) | 0.079 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 226 (17.9) | 102 (16.2) | 0.37 |
| Hypertension | 959 (76.1) | 515 (81.7) | 0.005 |
| PCKD | 24 (1.9) | 11 (1.7) | 0.86 |
| Herbal medication use | 98 (7.8) | 50 (7.9) | 0.93 |
| ≥3 antihypertensive agents | 158 (12.5) | 98 (15.6) | 0.075 |
| RAS blockade use | 566 (44.9) | 284 (45.1) | 0.96 |
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| CKD stage 3b | 445 (35.3) | 145 (23) | <0.001 |
| CKD stage 4 | 548 (43.5) | 289 (45.9) | 0.33 |
| CKD stage 5 | 268 (21.3) | 196 (31.1) | <0.001 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 96.1 ± 13.1 | 95.6 ± 12.8 | 0.42 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 4.3 | 25.6 ± 4.5 | 0.67 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.4 ± 2.1 | 10.8 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| Corrected calcium (mg/dL) | 9.2 ± 0.6 | 9.1 ± 0.6 | 0.095 |
| Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 0.013 |
| UPCR (g/g) | 1.66 ± 2.29 | 1.57 ± 1.58 | 0.38 |
| GFR (mL/min/per 1.73 m2) | 25.10 ± 10.54 | 21.96 ± 10.24 | <0.001 |
| Changes | |||
| ΔMAP (mmHg) | −2.6 ± 14.9 | 1.9 ± 15.0 | <0.001 |
| ΔBMI (kg/m2) | −0.2 ± 1.7 | −0.2 ± 1.8 | 0.56 |
| ΔHemoglobin (g/dL) | −0.2 ± 1.4 | −0.1 ± 1.7 | 0.175 |
| ΔCorrected calcium (mg/dL) | 0.0 ± 0.6 | −0.1 ± 0.7 | 0.092 |
| ΔPhosphate (mg/dL) | 0.1 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 1.2 | 0.002 |
| ΔAlbumin (g/dL) | −0.1 ± 0.4 | −0.2 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| ΔUPCR (g/g) | −0.55 ± 1.35 | 1.89 ± 2.27 | <0.001 |
| Interval of changes (months) | 17.7 ± 7.0 | 18.2 ± 8.0 | 0.26 |
| Annual GFR change (mL/min/per 1.73 m2 per year) | −1.58 ± 5.80 | −2.62 ± 6.01 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up time (months) | 32.5 ± 12.2 | 31.1 ± 12.6 | 0.015 |
| Composite renal death | 192 (15.2) | 175 (27.8) | <0.001 |
| Mortality | 39 (3.1) | 21 (3.3) | 0.78 |
| Dialysis | 153 (12.1) | 154 (24.4) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: Δ, changes in each covariate (defined as the level during follow-up minus the baseline level); UPCR, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio; PCKD, polycystic kidney disease; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; MAP, mean arterial pressure; BMI, body mass index; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.
Note: Data are mean ± SD or frequency (%).
*Participant with at least junior high school education.