Table 4. Predictors of composite renal death by Cox’s model.

Covariate	Estimate ± se	Wald Chi-Square	Hazard ratio	95% Confidence interval	pvalue
Baseline hemoglobin	−0.088 ± 0.034	−0.265	0.92	0.86–0.98	0.087
Baseline UPCR* (per ln(10 g/g))	0.510 ± 0.069	7.436	1.67	1.46–1.91	<0.001
Baseline GFR	−0.273 ± 0.031	−8.858	0.76	0.72–0.81	<0.001
Baseline GFR × time to renal death	0.005 ± 0.001	4.575	1.00	1.00–1.01	<0.001
Annual GFR decline	−0.359 ± 0.047	−7.625	0.70	0.72–0.81	<0.001
Annual GFR decline × time to renal death	0.005 ± 0.002	3.181	1.01	1.00–1.01	0.002
ΔUPCR (per 10 g/g)	0.011 ± 0.002	5.577	1.01	1.01–1.01	<0.001
Men	0.518 ± 0.116	4.487	1.68	1.34–2.10	<0.001
Age (<46 or >72 years)	−0.471 ± 0.108	4.380	1.60	1.30–1.98	<0.001
Baseline BMI (<23.9 or >36.4 kg/m2)	0.397 ± 0.108	3.657	1.49	1.20–1.84	<0.001
Baseline phosphate (3.7–7.2 mg/dL)	0.429 ± 0.136	3.149	1.53	1.18–2.00	0.002
Baseline albumin (3.2–4.4 g/dL)	0.255 ± 0.118	2.169	1.29	1.02–1.63	0.030
Educated**	0.252 ± 0.121	2.090	1.29	1.02–1.63	0.037
Herbal medication use	0.308 ± 0.167	1.846	1.36	0.98–1.89	0.065

Goodness-of-fit assessment: Adjusted generalized R² = 0.3669 > 0.15 and concordance = 0.89 > 0.7 (se = 0.016) indicated a very good fit.

Abbreviations: se, standard error; UPCR, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; ΔUPCR, change in UPCR (defined as the level at follow-up minus the baseline level); BMI, body mass index.

*The value of baseline UPCR was natural log-transformed in regression analysis for making its distribution more symmetric.

**Educated = 1 for participant with at least junior high school education, 0 otherwise.