Table 3. Differences of Th17-related cytokine levels between paroxysmal AF and chronic AF patients.

Cytokines*	Paroxysmal AF (n = 84)	Chronic AF (n = 236)	P value†
IL-17A, pg/mL	28.75 (15.44–42.15)	31.00 (16.06–47.78)	0.330
IL-17F, pg/mL	0.01 (0.01–0.02)	0.01(0.01–0.03)	0.215
IL-21, pg/mL	43.07 (24.00–63.27)	44.48 (25.33–70.10)	0.426
IL-22, pg/mL	0.68 (0.22–0.91)	0.70 (0.35–0.97)	0.453
IFN-γ, pg/mL	42.59 (20.02–62.57)	42.59 (21.86–68.60)	0.288
IL-10, pg/mL	5.56 (1.28–14.42)	7.53 (2.36–15.73)	0.311
IL-9, pg/mL	27.47 (11.07–54.47)	33.44 (11.77–56.56)	0.398
IL-6, pg/mL	25.30 (8.10–42.15)	27.60 (10.20–48.50)	0.340
IL-4, pg/mL	0.30 (0.09–0.49)	0.34 (0.11–0.54)	0.298

AF, atrial fibrillation; IL-17A, interleukin 17A; IL-17F, interleukin 17F; IL-21, interleukin 21; IL-22, interleukin 22; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL-10, interleukin 10; IL-9, interleukin 9; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-4, interleukin 4.

^*The cytokine levels are expressed as median (25th percentile–75th percentile).

^†Mann-Whitney U tests.