Table 2.
Odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals from multilevel binary logistic regression analysis using individual- and school-level demographics and baseline (n 3093) and follow-up data (N 3055) to investigate the associations between dietary behaviours and improved educational outcomes among Year 5 and 6 students aged 9–11 years participating in the cluster-randomised controlled trial of the Welsh Government’s Primary School Free Breakfast Initiative
| Baseline (n 3093) | Follow-up (n 3055) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | ICC |
| Individual-level demographics | |||||
| Gender* | 1·55 | 1·30, 1·84 | 1·49 | 1·25, 1·77 | 0·08 |
| FSM entitlement† | 0·36 | 0·30, 0·44 | 0·37 | 0·30, 0·44 | |
| Individual-level demographics & school-level FSM | |||||
| Gender | 1·55 | 1·30, 1·84 | 1·50 | 1·26, 1·78 | 0·07 |
| FSM entitlement | 0·38 | 0·31, 0·46 | 0·38 | 0·31, 0·46 | |
| School-level FSM‡ | 0·99 | 0·98, 1·00 | 0·99 | 0·98, 1·00 | |
| Individual-level demographics & school-level FSM & breakfast | |||||
| Gender | 1·51 | 1·27, 1·80 | 1·44 | 1·21, 1·71 | 0·07 |
| FSM entitlement | 0·39 | 0·32, 0·47 | 0·38 | 0·31, 0·47 | |
| School-level FSM | 0·99 | 0·98, 1·00 | 0·99 | 0·98, 1·00 | |
| Breakfast | 1·48 | 1·21, 1·82 | 1·95 | 1·58, 2·40 | |
| Individual-level demographics & school-level FSM & healthy breakfast items | |||||
| Gender | 1·54 | 1·30, 1·83 | 1·48 | 1·24, 1·76 | 0·07 |
| FSM entitlement | 0·38 | 0·31, 0·46 | 0·38 | 0·31, 0·46 | |
| School-level FSM | 0·99 | 0·98, 1·00 | 0·99 | 0·98, 1·00 | |
| Healthy breakfast items | 1·09 | 1·04, 1·14 | 1·08 | 1·04, 1·13 | |
| Individual-level demographics & school-level FSM & unhealthy breakfast items | |||||
| Gender | 1·55 | 1·30, 1·84 | 1·50 | 1·26, 1·78 | 0·07 |
| FSM entitlement | 0·38 | 0·31, 0·46 | 0·38 | 0·32, 0·47 | |
| School-level FSM | 0·99 | 0·98, 1·00 | 0·99 | 0·98, 1·00 | |
| Unhealthy breakfast items | 1·00 | 0·88, 1·13 | 0·95 | 0·84, 1·07 | |
| Individual-level demographics & school-level FSM & sweets/crisps | |||||
| Gender | 1·38 | 1·16, 1·65 | 1·37 | 1·15, 1·63 | 0·07 |
| FSM entitlement | 0·41 | 0·33, 0·50 | 0·40 | 0·33, 0·49 | |
| School-level FSM | 0·99 | 0·98, 1·00 | 0·99 | 0·98, 1·00 | |
| Sweets and crisps | 1·38 | 1·28, 1·49 | 1·41 | 1·30, 1·53 | |
| Individual-level demographics & school-level FSM & fruit and vegetables | |||||
| Gender | 1·44 | 1·20, 1·71 | 1·39 | 1·16, 1·65 | 0·07 |
| FSM entitlement | 0·39 | 0·32, 0·48 | 0·39 | 0·32, 0·47 | |
| School-level FSM | 0·99 | 0·98, 1·00 | 0·99 | 0·98, 1·00 | |
| Fruits and vegetables | 1·32 | 1·20, 1·46 | 1·22 | 1·12, 1·32 | |
ICC, intra-cluster correlation coefficient.
Significant results are highlighted in bold.
Reference category for gender=male.
FSM entitlement refers to those students from low-income families who are, therefore, eligible to receive free school meals at lunchtime (for the individual-level FSM variable, no=0 and yes=1).
School-level FSM refers to the percentage of students within the whole school who are from low-income families and are, therefore, eligible to receive free school meals at lunchtime.