Table 1.

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study patients by serum sodium level

		Serum sodium level
Characteristic	Overall (n=211, %)	Hyponatraemia (n, %)	Normal (135–150 mmol/L); (n, %)	p Value*
Age group (years)				0.828
60–69	85 (40.3)	20 (23.5)	65 (74.5)
70–79	84 (39.8)	22 (26.2)	62 (73.8)
≥80	42 (19.9)	9 (21.4)	33 (78.6)
Sex				0.602
Female	130 (61.6)	33 (25.4)	97 (74.6)
Smoking				0.364
Yes	52 (24.6)	15 (28.8)	37 (71.2)
Salt intake				0.056
Yes	192 (91.0)	43 (22.4)	149 (77.6)
BMI, n=151				0.283
Underweight	18 (11.9)	4 (22.2)	14 (77.8)
Normal	87 (57.6)	19 (21.8)	68 (78.2)
Overweight	34 (22.5)	3 (8.8)	31 (91.2)
Obesity	12 (8.0)	1 (8.3)	11 (91.7)
NYHA				0.005
Class 1	1 (0.5)	1 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Class 2	134 (63.5)	23 (17.2)	111 (82.8)
Class 3	70 (33.2)	24 (34.3)	46 (65.7)
Class 4	6 (2.8)	3 (50.0)	3 (50.0)
Diabetes mellitus				0.120
Yes	20 (9.5)	2 (10.0)	18 (90.0)
Hypertension n=207				0.024
Yes	145 (70.1)	28 (19.3)	117 (80.7)
Stroke				0.955
Yes	8 (3.8)	2 (25.0)	6 (75.0)
Chronic kidney disease				0.782
Yes	7 (3.3)	2 (28.6)	5 (71.4)
Seizures				0.223
Yes	4 (1.9)	2 (50.0)	2 (50.0)
Falls				0.012
Yes	16 (7.6)	8 (50.0)	8 (50.0)
Vomiting				0.006
Yes	39 (18.5)	16 (41.0)	23 (59.0)
Body weakness				0.224
Yes	184 (87.2)	47 (25.5)	137 (74.5)
Medication history n=210
ACEi/ARB				0.510
Yes	111 (52.9)	29 (26.1)	82 (78.9)
Psychotropics				0.421
Yes	2 (1.0)	0 (00.0)	2 (100.0)
Thiazides diuretics				0.730
Yes	22 (10.5)	6 (27.3)	16 (72.7)
Loop diuretics				0.013
Yes	134 (63.8)	40 (29.9)	94 (70.1)
Potassium sparing diuretic				0.069
Yes	36 (17.1)	13 (36.1)	23 (63.9)

*χ².

ACEi, ACE inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin 11 receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; NYHA, New York Heart Association.