Table 1.
Components of CM interventions
| Definition and total prevalence of components of CM interventions | Number of hospital-initiated CM vs usual care with component present (total studies=16) | Number of community-initiated CM vs usual care with component present (total studies=4) |
|---|---|---|
| Assessment/evaluation | ||
| Monitoring signs and symptoms (n=18) | ||
| Encompasses general care of patients with CHF which is likely to include establishing a relationship with patient over visits, physical and cardiac status checking, lifestyle assessment, general medication check and screening tests, for example, depression, dementia | 14 | 4 |
| Medication review (n=8) | ||
| Review and adjustment of medication by experienced case manager (nurse), pharmacist, GP or consultant often using a combination of these health professionals | 6 | 2 |
| Assessment of home environment (n=4) | ||
| Assessment carried out by case manager to identify any issues or potential issues with home environment, for example, stairs | 4 | 0 |
| CM meetings/feedback to other HPs (n=5) | ||
| Planning | ||
| Group meetings of health professionals involved in patients with CHF care with the aim of reporting on and planning for patients care | 3 | 2 |
| Appointment organisation (n=2) | ||
| Case manager checking medical appointments, ensuring ability to go, etc | 2 | 0 |
| Advance care planning (n=1) | 1 | |
| Facilitation | ||
| Education/self-management (n=18) | ||
| Educating patients with CHF about their condition, treatment and what to expect. The aim of this is to assist self-management (care with assistance of health professionals) and self-care (patient engaging in activities to promote their health and well-being). | 15 | 3 |
| Patient-directed access (n=6) | ||
| The ability of patients with CHF to initiate care from the case manager or CM service | 6 | 0 |
| Care coordination | ||
| Referral to…(n=14) When the case manager refers the patient to other health or social care professionals, this can be GP hospital consultant, social care or tests. |
11 | 3 |
| Advocacy for options and services | ||
| Equipment (n=4) | ||
| Provision of items to assist patient's healthcare such as pill counters, weighing scales and measured water bottles | 3 | 1 |
| Physical therapy (n=1) | ||
| Patient with CHF receiving physical therapy/rehabilitation | 1 | 0 |
| Support group (n=1) | ||
| CHF attending or being offered the opportunity of a support group. | 1 | 0 |
| Other | ||
| Family involvement (n=9) | ||
| When the case manager involves the patient's family in terms of information, education or involvement, for example, goal setting in patients’ care or active monitoring | 8 | 1 |
| Emotional support (n=1) | ||
| Case manager providing emotional support to patient with CHF. | 0 | 1 |
CHF, chronic heart failure; CM,case management; GP, general practitioner; HP, health professional.