Table 3.

Sensitivity, Specificity, and Positive Predictive Value of History, Physical Examination, and ECG to Detect Potentially Lethal Cardiac Disorders in Athlete Pre-Participation Screening

First Author (Ref. #)	Year	Sensitivity			Specificity			Positive Predictive Value
		History	PE	ECG	History	PE	ECG	History	PE	ECG
Fuller et al. (70)	1997	0	17	83	98	97	98	0	0.6	3.4
Wilson et al. (71)	2008	0		100	98		99	0		22.5
Bessem et al. (72)	2009	25	0	75	95	97	93	4	0	9.0
Hevia et al. (73)	2009	0	0	100	99	100	94	0	0	2.7
Baggish et al. (47)	2010	0	33	66	96	98	84	0	0	2.4
Magalski et al. (74)	2011	44	11	100	75	95	91	0	1	9.5
Fudge et al. (35)	2014	40	0	100	69	90	95	0.5	8	6.9
Price et al. (75)	2014	20	40	100	88	96	97	0.4	3	8.1
Menafoglio et al. (76)	2014	0	0	100	99	99	96	0	0	9.5

Values are %. Adapted with permission from Harmon et al. (37). ECG = electrocardiogram; PE = physical examination.