Table 2.

Effects of fire-related constituents on water­-treatment processes and reservoirs. Summary (from [59]): increased coagulant demand, sludge production, oxidant demand, potential to form disinfection by-products, operating costs. (From [68]): need to manage reservoir operations to minimize cyanobacteria and algae growth, need to destratify reservoir to manage anoxia (iron, manganese and nutrients can be released from sediments under anoxic conditions).

constituent	treatment issues	references
suspended sediment (turbidity)	additional settling and filtration required	[14,20,59,68]
DOC	need for additional filtration potential to form disinfection by-products additional sludge production from coagulation processes
taste issues	problematic; water can smell and taste smoky algae can also contribute to taste and odour issues oxidation or adsorption processes required
nutrients, e.g. nitrogen	potential to form nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products difficult to maintain adequate disinfection
manganese	additional oxidation required manganese can be released from reservoir bottom sediments during dredging, by storm events or as a result of anoxia