Figure 3.

Fire frequency in different parts of Africa (the number of times a fire was recorded in a 500×500 m MODIS pixel over 10 years from 2000 to 2010). Clearly National Parks (the least inhabited parts of the continent) burn more extensively, but not more frequently, than non-protected and inhabited regions. This is clear demonstration of the importance of indirect impacts of humans on fuels in grassy systems: by replacing fire with livestock and fragmenting landscapes they have greatly reduced the total area burned in Africa.