Table 1.

List of parameters and default values. Parameters are separately listed for between-hosts and within-host models. Listed default value is the value used in this study unless otherwise specified. Parameters with subscript i are strain-specific (strain i with i ∈ {1, 2}, 1 is sensitive, 2 is resistant). When only one value is provided for strain-specific parameters, the same value was used in this study for both strains. Note, however, that model structure allows for strain-specific distinct values in future work.

parameter	description	default	reference
between-hosts model
a	vector biting rate	0.25 d−1	[13], [14]a, [15], [38]
b	transmission rate from vector to host	0.3 d−1
c	transmission rate from host to vector	0.3 d−1
d	vector death rate	0.12 d−1
r	host recovery rate	0.01 d−1
T	extrinsic incubation period	14 d
within-host model
Λ	rate of uninfected erythrocyte production	1	[22]a
μx	death rate of uninfected erythrocytes	1/120 d−1	[22]a, [39]
μy	death rate of infected erythrocytes	0.5 d−1	[22]a, [39]
μs	death rate of free merozoites	1/20 min−1	[22]a, [39]
μg	death rate of circulating gametocytes	1/16 d−1	[22]a, [40]
μI	death rate of immune cells	1/20 d−1	[22]a
βi	infection rate of erythrocytes by free merozoites	0.1	[22]a
ηi	gametocyte formation rate	0.02	[22]a
ρi	number of merozoites produced per infected erythrocyte	16	[14]a, [22]a
ki	efficacy of immune response against infected erythrocytes	0.05	[22]a
hi	efficacy of immune response against free merozoites	0.05	[22]a
li	efficacy of immune response against gametocytes	0.05	[22]a
γi	immune stimulation by infected erythrocytes	0.1	[22]a
σi	immune stimulation by free merozoites	0.1	[22]a
λi	immune stimulation by gametocytes	0.1	[22]a
Θ	background rate of immune cells production	0.01	[22]a
ϕi	strain-specific cost of resistance (within-host reduction of merozoites production)	ϕ1 = 0; ϕ2 = 0.01
ɛi	strain-specific treatment efficacy (within-host increase of infected erythrocytes mortality)	ɛ1 = 0.9; ɛ2 = 0
Σ	treatment coverage (among hosts)	0.9

^aAnd references therein (refers to key modelling studies; where empirical support for parameter values was lacking, default values in this study were chosen to match those used in these specific articles).