Table 2.
Hazard Ratios for Educational Differences in Mortality, U.S. Adults Aged 25 and Over, 1988-2006
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education (≥ 16 years) | |||||||
| ≤ 11 years | 1.75*** | 1.40*** | 1.55*** | 1.43*** | 1.17† | 1.63*** | 1.13 |
| 12 years | 1.59*** | 1.39*** | 1.49*** | 1.37*** | 1.22** | 1.54*** | 1.20* |
| 13-15 years | 1.38** | 1.26* | 1.33** | 1.26* | 1.17† | 1.33** | 1.15 |
| Demographic Factors | |||||||
| Sex (female) | 1.50*** | 1.55*** | 1.51*** | 1.41*** | 1.43*** | 1.61*** | 1.53*** |
| Race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white) | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.33*** | 1.22*** | 1.29*** | 1.24*** | 1.16** | 1.12* | 1.01 |
| Mexican American | 0.97 | 0.90 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.91 |
| Foreign-born (US-born) | 0.77** | 0.76** | 0.77** | 0.81* | 0.80* | 0.77 | 0.80** |
| Economic Resource | |||||||
| Income-to-poverty ratio | 0.90*** | 0.94*** | 0.95** | ||||
| Social Resources | |||||||
| Marital status (married) | |||||||
| Divorced/separated | 1.51*** | 1.35*** | 1.35*** | ||||
| Never married | 1.24* | 1.17 | 1.08 | ||||
| Widowed | 1.14* | 1.06 | 1.03 | ||||
| Visit with friends, relatives (≥ 1 visit per wk) | 1.39*** | 1.30*** | 1.27*** | ||||
| Religious attendance (> once a week) | |||||||
| No attendance | 1.54*** | 1.36** | 1.31** | ||||
| < once a week | 1.18† | 1.12 | 1.07 | ||||
| Once a week | 1.10 | 1.06 | 1.04 | ||||
| Club involvement (yes) | 1.19 | 1.11* | 1.11* | ||||
| Health Lifestyle | |||||||
| Smoking status (never) | |||||||
| Former | 1.32*** | 1.29*** | 1.29*** | ||||
| Current | 2.14*** | 2.00*** | 2.01*** | ||||
| Drinking status (1-4 drinks) | |||||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.13† | ||||
| Former | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.11 | ||||
| 5 or more drinks | 1.43** | 1.30* | 1.40** | ||||
| Missing | 2.37† | 1.77 | 1.77 | ||||
| Hours of exercise per week (> 7 hours) | |||||||
| None | 1.59*** | 1.45*** | 1.38*** | ||||
| 7 hours or less | 1.16* | 1.11 | 1.09 | ||||
| Physiological Indicators | |||||||
| Obesity | |||||||
| BMI (≥18.5 and <30) | |||||||
| < 18.5 | 2.24*** | 1.73*** | |||||
| ≥ 30 and < 35 | 0.96 | 0.98 | |||||
| 35 or more | 1.21* | 1.27** | |||||
| Inflammation | |||||||
| Albumin (> 4.5 g/dL) | |||||||
| ≤ 3.5 g/dL | 1.81*** | 1.91*** | |||||
| > 3.5 - ≤ 4.0 g/dL | 1.13 | 1.14 | |||||
| > 4.0 - ≤ 4.5 g/dL | 0.98 | 1.00 | |||||
| Missing because of infection | 1.40* | 1.45** | |||||
| Missing | 1.41 | 1.41 | |||||
| C-reactive protein (< 0.3mg/dL) | |||||||
| ≥ 0.3 mg/dL | 1.19** | 1.10* | |||||
| Missing because of infection | 1.38*** | 1.17*** | |||||
| Missing | 1.13 | 0.95 | |||||
| Cardiovascular Risk Factors | |||||||
| Normotensive (< 120 SBP and < 80 DBP) | |||||||
| Prehypertensive (120-139 SBP or 80-89 DBP) | 0.83* | 0.84* | |||||
| Hypertensive stage 1 (140-159 SBP or 90-99 DBP) | 1.17** | 1.16** | |||||
| Hypertensive stage 2 (≥ 160 SBP or ≥ 100 DBP) | 1.26*** | 1.27*** | |||||
| Missing | 1.41** | 1.30* | |||||
| Total cholesterol (150-249) | |||||||
| < 150 | 1.41** | 1.39** | |||||
| 250-349 | 1.01 | 1.01 | |||||
| 350 or more | 1.73* | 1.75* | |||||
| Missing | 1.01 | 1.06 | |||||
| Glycosylated hemoglobin (< 6.4 percent) | |||||||
| 6.4 percent or more | 1.54*** | 1.54*** | |||||
| Missing | 1.00 | 1.10 | |||||
Notes: Referent is listed in parentheses. Sample size is 15,691 individuals and 4,985 deaths.
Source: Derived from NHANES III Linked Mortality File (2010).
†
p ≤ .10
*
p ≤ .05
**
p ≤ .01
***
p ≤ .001