Table 3.

Hazard Ratios for Age-Specific Education Differences in Mortality, U.S. Adults Aged 25 and Over, 1988-2006

	Ages 25-59							Ages 60 and Older

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7

Education (≥ 16 years)
≤ 11 years	2.93^***	2.16^***	2.53^***	1.91^***	1.52^*	1.77^**	1.41^†	1.44^***	1.18^†	1.27^**	1.28^*	1.05	1.22^*	1.03
12 years	2.11^***	1.75^***	1.95^***	1.63^**	1.43^*	1.54^*	1.33^†	1.37^***	1.21^**	1.30^***	1.24^**	1.12^†	1.22^**	1.12
13-15 years	1.79^**	1.59^*	1.73^**	1.54^*	1.44^*	1.51^*	1.40^†	1.20	1.11	1.15	1.14	1.07	1.10	1.05
Demographic Factors
Sex (female)	1.38^***	1.41^***	1.34^***	1.29^*	1.29^**	1.40^***	1.39^***	1.55^***	1.60^***	1.57^***	1.46^***	1.51^***	1.57^***	1.60^***
Race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white)
Non-Hispanic black	1.69^***	1.49^**	1.61^***	1.56^***	1.4^**	1.22^†	1.11	1.16^**	1.07	1.12^*	1.08	1.02	0.93	0.90^*
Mexican American	0.99	0.87	1.06	1.01	0.99	0.95	0.93	0.92	0.88^†	0.90	0.87	0.83^*	0.89	0.86^†
Foreign-born (US-born)	0.72	0.72^†	0.74	0.78	0.8	0.83	0.86	0.77^**	0.76^***	0.76^**	0.81^**	0.79^*	0.79^**	0.77^**
Economic Resource
Income-to-poverty ratio		0.87^***			0.92^*		0.93^*		0.92^***			0.94^***		0.95^**
Social Resources
Marital status (married)
Divorced/separated			1.51^**		1.31^*		1.34^*			1.5^***		1.36^***		1.34^***
Never married			1.50^*		1.44^*		1.36^†			1.07		1		0.90
Widowed			1.25		1.07		1.06			1.15^*		1.08		1.05
Visit w/ friends, relatives (≥ 1 vsit per wk)			1.36^*		1.3^*		1.28 +			1.4^***		1.3^**		1.27^**
Religious attendance (> once a week)
No attendance			1.91^**		1.72^*		1.56 +			1.44^***		1.28^**		1.23^*
< once a week			1.42^†		1.39		1.30			1.14		1.08		1.04
Once a week			1.24		1.24		1.13			1.07		1.03		1.01
Club involvement (yes)			1.15		1.01		1.05			1.21^***		1.15		1.13^**
Health Lifestyle
Smoking status (never)
Former				1.21	1.21	1.21	1.23				1.32^***	1.29^***	1.31^***	1.28^***
Current				2.12^***	1.95^***	2.23^***	2.09^***				2.08^***	1.96^***	2.02^***	1.92^***
Drinking status (1-4 drinks)
Never				1.17	1.23	1.17	1.22				0.96	0.98	1.06	1.07
Former				1.23^†	1.27^*	1.24^†	1.27^†				1.03	1.02	1.08	1.06
5 or more drinks				1.54^*	1.42^*	1.62^**	1.50^*				1.34^†	1.20	1.45^*	1.31 +
Missing				---	---	---	---				3.26^*	2.28^*	3.57^**	2.56^**
Hours of exercise per week (> 7 hours)
None				1.73^***	1.57^**	1.63^***	1.49				1.54^***	1.41^***	1.45^***	1.34^***
7 hours or less				1.15	1.13	1.09	1.07				1.16^*	1.11^†	1.14^*	1.10^†
Physiological Indicators
*Obesity*
BMI (≥18.5 and <30)
< 18.5						1.42	1.32						1.97^***	1.93^***
≥ 30 and < 35						1.13	1.11						0.93	0.90
35 or more						1.37^*	1.33^†						1.18 +	1.18 +
*Inflammation*
Albumin (> 4.5 g/dL)
≤ 3.5 g/dL						2.07^**	2.03^**						2.01^***	1.98^***
> 3.5 - ≤ 4.0 g/dL						0.98	0.98						1.24	1.23
> 4.0 - ≤ 4.5 g/dL						0.84	0.86						1.09	1.09
Missing because of infection						1.32	1.35						1.50^*	1.52^*
Missing						0.55	0.60						1.78	1.74^†
C-reactive protein (< 0.3mg/dL)
≥ 0.3 mg/dL						1.34^*	1.31^*						1.05	1.04
Missing because of infection						1.15	1.13						1.23^***	1.20^**
Missing						1.13	1.11						1.03	0.97
*Cardiovascular Risk Factors*
Normotensive (< 120 SBP and < 80 DBP)
Prehypertensive (120-139 SBP or 80-89 DBP)						0.86	0.86						0.83^†	0.84^†
Hypertensive stage 1 (140-159 SBP or 90-99 DBP)						1.52^*	1.11^*						1.04	1.04
Hypertensive stage 2 (≥ 160 SBP or ≥ 100 DBP)						1.76^***	1.33^***						1.17^**	1.15^*
Missing						1.22	1.19						0.82^*	1.29^*
Total cholesterol (150-249)
< 150						2.10^***	1.97^***						1.12	1.11
250-349						0.88	0.87						1.07	1.05
350 or more						1.70	1.59						1.79^*	1.88^*
Missing						2.11	1.85						0.82	0.90
Glycosylated hemoglobin (< 6.4 percent)
6.4 percent or more						1.31^*	1.35^*						1.58^***	1.57^***
Missing						1.13	1.18						1.13	1.08

Notes: Referent is listed in parentheses. Sample size (with deaths in parentheses) is 6,532 (333) for ages 25 to 44, 2,957 (537) for ages 45 to 59, and 6,202 (4,115) for ages 60 and over.

Source: Derived from NHANES III Linked Mortality File (2010).

^†

p ≤ .10

p ≤ .05

^**

p ≤ .01

^***

p ≤ .001