Table 4.

Hazard Ratios for Education Differences in Mortality by Major Causes of Death, U.S. Adults Aged 25 and Over, 1988-2006.

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7
Cardiovascular Diseases
Education (≥ 16 years)
≤ 11 years	1.70***	1.41**	1.46**	1.41**	1.09	1.32*	1.06
12 years	1.53***	1.34**	1.43**	1.34**	1.17	1.30*	1.15
13-15 years	1.44*	1.32	1.38†	1.32	1.21	1.26	1.17
Cancer
Education (≥ 16 years)
≤ 11 years	1.56*	1.30	1.47*	1.24	1.07	1.20	1.06
12 years	1.65***	1.48**	1.57***	1.37*	1.25	1.34 *	1.23
13-15 years	1.21	1.14	1.18	1.07	1.02	1.06	1.02
Respiratory Diseases
Education (≥ 16 years)
≤ 11 years	2. 11*	1.64*	1.78*	1.65*	1.36	1.61*	1.34
12 years	2.15**	1.85*	1.97*	1.75*	1.56†	1.76*	1.59†
13-15 years	1.57*	1.43†	1.49†	1.37	1.28	1.39	1.29
External Causes
Education (≥ 16 years)
≤ 11 years	4.53*	5.95*	3.69*	3.98*	4.52*	3.88*	3.43†
12 years	1.41	1.66	1.26	1.29	1.41	1.24	1.16
13-15 years	2.15	2.38	2.06	2.05	2.22	1.98	1.97
Other Causes
Education (≥ 16 years)
≤ 11 years	1.63**	1.25	1.48*	1.41*	1.13	1.26	1.05
12 years	1.37*	1.16	1.32†	1.24	1.10	1.16	1.05
13-15 years	1.25	1.13	1.21	1.19	1.10	1.13	1.05

Notes:

Model 1 controls for sex, race/ethnicity, and nativity.

Model 2 controls for variables in Model 1 and economic resources (income-to- poverty ratio).

Model 3 controls for variables in Model 1 and social resources (marital status, religious attendance, club membership, and visits from friends).

Model 4 controls for variables in Model 1 and health lifestyles (smoking status, alcohol consumption, and exercise).

Model 5 controls for variables in Model 1, Model 2, Model 3, and Model 4.

Model 6 controls for variables in Model 1 and physiological indicators (obesity, albumin, CRP, hypertension, cholesterol, and glycosolated hemoglobin).

Model 7 controls for variables in Models 1 through 6.

Source: Derived from NHANES III Linked Mortality File (2010).

^†p ≤ .10

^*p ≤ .05

^**p ≤ .01

^***p ≤ .001