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NZR and ZR represent detached spike culture without and with ZR under 25/20°C condition, respectively. HNZR and HZR represent detached spike culture without and with ZR under 35/20°C condition, respectively. Vertical bars represent ± standard error of the mean (n = 9) where they exceed the size of the symbol. *, ** denote significant differences at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively.
