Fig. 4.

Evolution of mucosal defect post-ESD and CMC application from a study patient. a Suspicious mucosal erosions under bright light endoscopic view. b An extensive early esophageal neoplasm revealed after using chromoendoscopy and iodine staining. c Full circumferential esophageal mucosal defect immediately after ESD. d Esophageal neoplasm was removed en bloc. e Mucosal defect immediately after the application of CMC sheets. f Mucosal defect 1 week post-ESD showing residual CMC matrix. g Mucosal defect 4 weeks post-ESD showing satisfactory wound healing with minimal scar tissue and stricture formation. h Mucosal defect was completely healed 2 months post-ESD with minimal narrowing