Table 1.
Britain | France | The Netherlands | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
Religious groupa | ||||||
No religion | Ref | Ref | −0.159 | −0.078 | Ref | Ref |
Nominal Catholic | 0.320*** | 0.683** | Ref | Ref | 0.174*** | 0.294 |
Practicing Catholic | 0.660*** | 1.565*** | 0.227*** | 0.127 | 0.517*** | 0.681*** |
Nominal Protestant | 0.134** | 0.402*** | 0.411*** | 0.788* | ||
Practicing Protestant | 0.181** | 0.208 | 1.427*** | 1.311*** | ||
Nominal Dutch R′ | 0.358*** | 0.056 | ||||
Practicing Dutch R′ | 0.999*** | 0.166 | ||||
Birth cohort | ||||||
1930–1939 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
1940–1949 | −0.040 | 0.238 | −0.419*** | −0.402*** | −0.312*** | −0.384*** |
1950–1959 | −0.111 | 0.148 | −0.426*** | −0.484*** | −0.265*** | −0.411*** |
1960–1965 | −0.090 | 0.103 | −0.413*** | −0.448*** | −0.356*** | −0.420*** |
Education | ||||||
Lower secondary | 0.443*** | 0.419*** | 0.332*** | 0.336*** | 0.131** | 0.112* |
Upper secondary | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Tertiary | −0.042 | −0.050 | −0.028 | −0.037 | −0.298*** | −0.302*** |
Foreign born | −0.131 | −0.132 | 0.219** | 0.204** | 0.090 | 0.103 |
No religion × cohort | ||||||
1940–1949 | −0.115 | |||||
1950–1959 | 0.056 | |||||
1960–1965 | −0.247 | |||||
Nominal Cath’ × cohort | ||||||
1940–1949 | −0.460 | −0.275 | ||||
1950–1959 | −0.692** | −0.019 | ||||
1960–1965 | 0.005 | −0.160 | ||||
Practicing Cath’ × cohort | ||||||
1940–1949 | −1.140*** | −0.124 | −0.378 | |||
1950–1959 | −1.371*** | 0.337* | −0.361 | |||
1960–1965 | −0.893** | 0.420* | −0.012 | |||
Nominal Prot’ × cohortb | ||||||
1940–1949 | −0.318* | −0.328 | ||||
1950–1959 | −0.330* | −0.391 | ||||
1960–1965 | −0.348* | −0.607 | ||||
Practicing Prot’ × cohort | ||||||
1940–1949 | −0.177 | 0.076 | ||||
1950–1959 | 0.268 | 0.584** | ||||
1960–1965 | 0.107 | −0.349 | ||||
Nominal Dutch R × cohort | ||||||
1940–1949 | 0.342 | |||||
1950–1959 | 0.342 | |||||
1960–1965 | 0.473 | |||||
Practicing Dutch R × cohort | ||||||
1940–1949 | 1.536*** | |||||
1950–1959 | 0.947*** | |||||
1960–1965 | 1.087*** | |||||
Constant | 1.827*** | 1.625*** | 2.289*** | 2.314*** | 2.080*** | 2.177*** |
N | 2760 | 2760 | 2837 | 2837 | 2431 | 2431 |
Adjusted R 2 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.15 |
* p < 0.1; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01
a Nominal attending religious services less than once a month. Practicing attending religious services once a month or more
bIn the Netherlands, “Protestant” refers to Calvinist and Evangelical denominations