Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of acute heart failure patients with and without acute coronary syndrome
| Overall n = 2609 |
ACS-AHF n = 725 (27.79 %) |
NACS-ACS n = 1884 (72.21 %) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years; mean ± SD | 61.34 ± 15 | 62.74 ± 13.1 | 60.80 ± 15.6 | 0.003 |
| Male, n (%) | 1717 (65.81) | 535 (73.79) | 1182 (62.74) | <0.001 |
| Saudi nationality, n (%) | 2230 (85.47) | 546 (75.31) | 1684 (89.38) | <0.001 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Heart failure, n (%) | 1670 (64.2) | 315 (43.5) | 1355 (72.2) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 1376 (53.3) | 433 (60.1) | 943 (50.6) | <0.001 |
| PCI, n (%) | 340 (13.1) | 109 (15.0) | 231 (12.3) | 0.064 |
| CABG, n (%) | 261 (10.0) | 52 (7.2) | 209 (11.1) | 0.003 |
| Rheumatic heart disease, n (%) | 183 (7.1) | 4 (0.5) | 179 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 408 (15.7) | 37 (5.1) | 371 (19.8) | <0.001 |
| ICD, n (%) | 229 (8.8) | 31 (4.3) | 198 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| CRT, n (%) | 85 (3.3) | 7 (0.8) | 78 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| Stroke/TIA, n (%) | 252 (9.7) | 67 (9.2) | 185 (9.8) | 0.637 |
| PAD, n (%) | 99 (3.8) | 37 (5.1) | 62 (3.3) | 0.034 |
| Anemia, n (%) | 1166 (44.9) | 301 (41.7) | 865 (46.2) | 0.043 |
| Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 185 (7.1) | 37 (5.1) | 148 (7.9) | 0.013 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 771 (29.7) | 163 (22.5) | 608 (32.4) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 91 (3.5) | 9 (1.2) | 82 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Thyroid disorder, n (%) | 172 (6.8) | 28 (4.0) | 144 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Risk factors for atherosclerosis | ||||
| Smoking, n (%) | 467 (17.9) | 182 (25.1) | 285 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1831 (70.6) | 506 (70.8) | 1325 (70.5) | 0.914 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 894 (36.4) | 289 (42.7) | 605 (34.0) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1668 (64.1) | 518 (72.0) | 1150 (61.1) | <0.001 |
| Clinical parameters on presentation | ||||
| Acute de novo HF, n (%) | 939 (36.0) | 410 (56.5) | 529 (28.1) | <0.001 |
| Acute on chronic HF, n (%) | 1670 (64.0) | 315 (43.4) | 1355 (71.9) | |
| BMI, kg/m2; mean ± SD* | 29.16 ± 6.7 | 28.12 ± 5.4 | 29.55 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mean ± SD | 128.7 ± 31.3 | 126.6 ± 29.8 | 129.5 ± 31.9 | 0.038 |
| DBP, mean ± SD | 74.10 ± 17.9 | 73.67 ± 17.1 | 74.26 ± 18.2 | 0.454 |
| HR, mean ± SD | 88.8 ± 21.0 | 89.7 ± 19.1 | 88.5 ± 21.7 | 0.185 |
| Investigations | ||||
| Electrocardiography | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter, n (%) | 449 (17.2) | 52 (7.2) | 397 (21.1) | <0.001 |
| QRS ≥120 msec, n (%) | 389 (14.9) | 68 (9.4) | 321 (17.1) | <0.001 |
| LBBB, n (%) | 305 (11.7) | 62 (8.5) | 243 (12.9) | 0.002 |
| Biochemical parameters | ||||
| Sodium, mmol/L; mean ± SD | 135.1 ± 5.3 | 135.0 ± 5.4 | 135.2 ± 5.3 | 0.322 |
| Potassium, mmol/L; mean ± SD | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 0.644 |
| Urea, μmol/L; mean ± SD | 11.87 ± 9.1 | 11.11 ± 8.4 | 12.16 ± 9.3 | 0.008 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L; median (IQR] | 109.0 (70.0) | 109.0 (62.0) | 109.0 (73.0) | 0.923 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2; median (IQR) | 57.28 (43.5) | 56.32 (41.9) | 57.82 (44.1) | 0.444 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL; mean ± SD | 12.43 ± 2.2 | 12.76 ± 2.3 | 12.31 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
| RBS, mmol/L; mean ± SD | 10.01 ± 5.7 | 11.43 ± 6.2 | 9.45 ± 5.4 | <0.001 |
| NT-Pro-BNP, pmol/L; n (%) | 435 (16.7) | 101 (13.9) | 334 (17.7) | 0.019 |
| NT-Pro-BNP, pmol/L; median (IQR) | 675.0 (668) | 999.0 (1679) | 631.5 (684) | <0.001 |
| Positive troponin, n (%) | 867 (37.4) | 693 (98.6) | 174 (10.8) | <0.001 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| Left ventricular EF >55 %, n (%) | 341 (13.7) | 50 (7.2) | 291 (16.2) | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular EF 40–54.9 % | 334 (13.4) | 113 (16.2) | 221 (12.3) | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular EF 30–9.9 % | 632 (25.3) | 258 (37.1) | 374 (20.8) | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular EF <30 % | 1187 (47.6) | 275 (39.5) | 912 (50.7) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: ACS-AHF acute coronary syndrome with acute heart failure, ACS-NASC no acute coronary syndrome with acute heart failure, BMI body mass index, BNP brain natriuretic peptide, CABG coronary artery bypass surgery, CRT cardiac resynchronization therapy, DBP diastolic blood pressure, EF ejection fraction, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HR heart rate, ICD internal cardiac defibrillator, LBBB left bundle branch block, PAD peripheral artery disease, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, RBS random blood sugar, SD standard deviation, SBP systolic blood pressure, TIA transient ischemic attack