Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics
| Overall (n = 50) | DM (n = 29) | Non-DM (n = 21) | P value (DM vs. non-DM) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 70.1 ± 10.3 | 71.6 ± 8.8 | 68.0 ± 12.1 | 0.23 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 3.4 | 24.5 ± 3.0 | 23.8 ± 4.0 | 0.45 |
| Male | 43 (86.0) | 24 (82.8) | 19 (90.5) | 0.36 |
| DM | 29 (58.0) | 29 (100) | 0 (0.0) | – |
| Hypertension | 37 (74.0) | 22 (75.9) | 15 (71.4) | 0.72 |
| Dyslipidemia | 44 (88.0) | 27 (93.1) | 17 (81.0) | 0.19 |
| Smoking | 36 (72.0) | 21 (72.4) | 15 (71.4) | 0.38 |
| Current | 10 (20.0) | 4 (13.8) | 6 (28.6) | |
| Former (quit >3 months) | 26 (52.0) | 17 (58.6) | 9 (42.9) | |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 12 (24.0) | 6 (20.7) | 6 (28.6) | 0.52 |
| Prior PCI | 25 (50.0) | 16 (55.2) | 9 (42.9) | 0.39 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.1 ± 11.8 | 122.1 ± 11.3 | 122.1 ± 12.7 | 0.99 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 63.3 ± 6.9 | 62.0 ± 6.5 | 65.2 ± 7.2 | 0.10 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 59.3 ± 10.2 | 61.7 ± 7.2 | 55.7 ± 13.0 | 0.082 |
| Duration of DM (years) | 3.4 ± 6.6 | 7.9 ± 1.5 | – | – |
| HbA1c (NGSP) (%) | 6.4 ± 0.9 | 6.8 ± 1.0 | 5.8 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| 1,5-AG (μg/mL) | 15.7 ± 7.7 | 13.2 ± 6.7 | 19.5 ± 7.6 | 0.004 |
| Glycoalbumin (%) | 16.5 ± 3.2 | 17.6 ± 3.5 | 14.8 ± 1.8 | 0.001 |
| 75-g OGTT | ||||
| Fasting PG (mg/dL) | 102 ± 21 | 111 ± 23 | 89 ± 8 | <0.001 |
| 2-h PG (mg/dL) | 202 ± 79 | 249 ± 70 | 139 ± 33 | <0.001 |
| Fasting IRI (μU/mL) | 7.4 ± 6.0 | 7.9 ± 7.2 | 6.7 ± 4.0 | 0.49 |
| 2-h IRI (μU/mL) | 103 ± 106 | 111 ± 118 | 91 ± 86 | 0.53 |
| HOMA R | 2.0 ± 2.4 | 2.4 ± 3.1 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 0.21 |
| HOMA β | 80.4 ± 59.7 | 63.6 ± 40.5 | 102.7 ± 73.6 | 0.036 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 157.0 ± 25.9 | 157.1 ± 23.6 | 156.8 ± 29.4 | 0.96 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 88.6 ± 18.1 | 90.2 ± 17.6 | 86.2 ± 18.9 | 0.44 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 45.8 ± 12.1 | 42.6 ± 10.0 | 50.1 ± 13.6 | 0.039 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 133.2 ± 53.5 | 152.55 ± 53.5 | 107.1 ± 38.6 | 0.002 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.17 ± 0.28 | 0.14 ± 0.21 | 0.20 ± 0.34 | 0.47 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.98 ± 0.25 | 0.99 ± 0.24 | 0.96 ± 0.26 | 0.63 |
| Medications during the study | ||||
| Aspirin | 42 (84.0) | 25 (86.2) | 17 (81.0) | 0.45 |
| Thienopyridine | 23 (46.0) | 13 (44.8) | 10 (47.6) | 0.85 |
| Statin | 38 (76.0) | 24 (82.8) | 14 (66.7) | 0.19 |
| EPA | 4 (8.0) | 2 (6.9) | 2 (9.5) | 0.56 |
| Ezetimibe | 4 (8.0) | 2 (6.9) | 2 (9.5) | 0.56 |
| Fibrate | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0.42 |
| ACE-I/ARB | 27 (54.0) | 15 (51.7) | 12 (57.1) | 0.70 |
| Beta-blocker | 17 (34.0) | 10 (34.5) | 7 (33.3) | 0.93 |
| Insulin | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Metformin | 2 (4.0) | 2 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.33 |
| SU | 7 (14.0) | 7 (24.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.016 |
| α-GI | 3 (6.0) | 3 (10.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.19 |
| DPP4-I | 9 (18.0) | 9 (18.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.004 |
| Continuous glucose monitoring variables | ||||
| MAGE (mg/dL) | 71 ± 33 | 80 ± 35 | 58 ± 28 | 0.018 |
| Mean BG (mg/dL) | 128 ± 21 | 137 ± 24 | 116 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| Max BG (mg/dL) | 210 ± 42 | 226 ± 44 | 188 ± 27 | <0.001 |
| Min BG (mg/dL) | 72 ± 23 | 75 ± 27 | 70 ± 16 | 0.62 |
| Time in hyperglycemia (h) | 23.2 ± 24.3 | 32.9 ± 27.4 | 9.1 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Time in hypoglycemia (h) | 1.7 ± 3.0 | 1.9 ± 3.5 | 1.5 ± 2.2 | 0.62 |
Values are mean ± standard deviation or number (%). Time in hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia were defined as the time when blood glucose levels were >140 mg/dL and <70 mg/dL, respectively
1,5-AG 1,5 anhydroglucitol, 75 g OGTT 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, α-GI α-glucosidase inhibitor, ACE-I angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitor, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, BG blood glucose, BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein, DM diabetes mellitus, DPP4-I dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL cholesterol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA β homeostasis model assessment beta, HOMA R homeostasis model assessment ratio, IRI immunoreactive insulin, LDL cholesterol low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MAG: mean amplitude of glycemic excursion, NGSP National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, PG plasma glucose, SU sulfonylureas