Table 4.
Details of number of dogs, 95 % CI affected cases, AED doses and serum levels, treatment period and adverse effects
| Studies | AED | No of Dogs | Prevalence | 95 % CI affected case | Doses of AEDs | Serum levels of AEDs | Treatment period | Body system affected and adverse effects | Most common adverse effects | Adverse effect type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volk et al. 2008 | LEV as an adjunct to PHB and/or PBr | 14 | 7.14 % | −6.3 %−20.6 % | LEV: 10 mg/kg for 2 m, 20 mg/kg for further 2 m, 10–20 mg/kg until 6 m and then 10–20 mg/kg long-term PO TID PHB and PBr: NA but were within normal reference values |
PHB: 35.5+/−6.3 μg/ml, PBr:1.7+/−0.4 mg/ml, (prior LEV initiation and 2 m after initiation). | ≥2–6 m | Neurological (sedation) | sedation | I |
| Volk et al. 2008 (case series) | LEV as an adjunct to PHB and/or PBr and/or gaba and/or TPM | 8 | 25 % | −2.6 %–18.6 % | LEV: 30–32 mg/kg PO TID TID PHB and PBr: NA but were within normal reference values |
NA | Approximately 2–3 m | Neurological (sedation) | sedation | I |
| Muñana et al. 2012 | LEV as an adjunct to PHB and/or PBr and/or gaba and/or zonisamide | 28 | 57 % | 38.7 %–75.3 % | LEV: median, 20.6; range, 17–23.1 PO TID PHB: median, 7.2; range, 3.8–17.2 mg/kg PO SID. PBr: median, 34.0; range, 13.6–84.2 mg/kg PO SID |
LEV: range, <2-50.8 μg/mL. PHB: mean, 28.13; range, 15.77–36.40 μg/mL PBr: mean, 186.20; range, 71.18–390 mg/dL |
9 m (during the 5th m no AED was administered) | Neurological (ataxia, hyperactivity), GI: (anorexia, vomiting) | ataxia | I |
| Steinberg 2004 | LEV as an adjunct to PHB and PBr | 15 | 0 % | 0 % | LEV: range, 7.1–23.8 mg/kg PO TID PB and PBr: NA |
PHB: mean, 32.1+/−14.4 μg/ml. LEV: NA PBr: 2.2+/−0.7 mg/dl |
median, 38; range, 13.8–95.5 m | No adverse effects attributed to LEV | NA | I |
| Packer et al. 2015 | LEV as an adjunct to PHB and PBr | 52 | 46 % | 32.5 %–59.6 % | Maintenance group: mean, 19.5; range, 9–26 mg/kg PO TID. Pulse group: Initial dose at 60 mg/kg followed by 20 mg/kg PO TID |
NA | Maintenance group: mean, 1.4; range, 0.3–7.5 y Pulse group: mean, 0.8; range, 0.3–3.4 y |
Neurological (ataxia, sedation, aggression, hyperactivity), GI (PP, vomiting, diarrhoea), PD (Three times more often in the pulse group) |
ataxia, sedation | I |
| Fredso et al. 2015 | LEV | 6 | 84 % | 53.8 %–113.2 % | median, 31; mean, 30.4; range, 27.6–51.5 PO TID | median, 114; mean, 93; range, 18–137 μmol/L | 2–12 m | Neurological (ataxia, sedation, hyperactivity, disobedience, attention seeking), GI (PP, anorexia, vomiting), PU, PD | PP | I |
| Moore et al. 2010 | LEV | 6 | 16.6 % | –13.2 %–46.4 % | At day one, a single dose was administered: mean, 21.7; range, 20.8–22.7 mg/kg PO. Then: range, 20.8–22.7 mg/kg PO TID for 6 d | 289.31+/−51.68 μg/mL | 0.25 m | GI (vomiting) (only one episode at the first d) |
NA | I |
Abbreviaions: AED(s) anti-epileptic drug(s), BID bis in die (twice daily), Chloraz Chlorazepate, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, CL confidence level, Gaba Gabapentin, IE idiopathic epilepsy, LEV Levetiracetam, m month(s), NA Not Available, PHB phenobarbital, PD polydipsia, PU polyuria, PP polyphagia, PBr potassium bromide, Prim primidone, PO per os, SID semel in die (once daily), TID ter in die (three times daily), TPM Topiramate, w week(s), y year(s)