Table 1.
Characteristics of participants and the practice of formula feeding in Western Nepal, 2014
| Factor | Infant ever fed infant formula (n= 711) | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Maternal age (years)a | 0.425 | ||
| 15–19 | 51 (9.4) | 14 (8.3) | |
| 20–29 | 396 (73.2) | 132 (78.1) | |
| 30–45 | 94 (17.4) | 23 (13.6) | |
| Maternal education | <0.001 | ||
| No education | 152 (28.0) | 33 (19.5) | |
| Primary to lower secondary | 201 (371) | 37 (21.9) | |
| Secondary | 94 (17.5) | 30 (17.8) | |
| Higher | 95 (17.5) | 69 (40.8) | |
| Maternal occupation | <0.001 | ||
| Employed–salaried job | 15 (2.8) | 15 (8.9) | |
| Semi-employed | 118 (21.8) | 19 (11.2) | |
| Household or agricultural work | 409 (75.5) | 135 (79.9) | |
| Antenatal care (Frequency)a | 0.250 | ||
| No visit | 14 (2.6) | 2 (1.2) | |
| 1–3 visits | 123 (22.8) | 31 (18.5) | |
| 4 or more visits | 403 (74.6) | 135 (80.4) | |
| Place of delivery | 0.103 | ||
| Home | 70 (12.9) | 14 (8.3) | |
| Health facility | 472 (87.1) | 155 (91.7) | |
| Mode of delivery | <0.001 | ||
| Vaginal | 484 (89.3) | 124 (73.4) | |
| Caesarean | 58 (10.7) | 45 (26.6) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||
| Advantaged caste groups | 169 (31.2) | 96 (56.8) | |
| Middle caste groups | 300 (55.4) | 59 (34.9) | |
| Dalit caste | 73 (13.4) | 14 (8.3) | |
| Sex of child | |||
| Male | 277 (51.1) | 92 (54.4) | |
| Female | 265 (48.9) | 77 (45.6) | |
| Birth ordera | 0.358 | ||
| First | 227 (42.0) | 80 (47.3) | |
| Second or third | 246 (45.4) | 73 (43.2) | |
| Fourth or more | 68 (12.6) | 16 (9.5) | |
| Birth weighta | 0.254 | ||
| Low (<2500g) | 72 (14.3) | 16 (10.7) | |
| Average or more (≥2500g) | 432 (85.7) | 134 (89.3) | |
| Place of residence | <0.001 | ||
| Rural | 301 (55.5) | 57 (33.7) | |
| Urban | 241 (44.5) | 112 (66.3) | |
amissing data present. *chi-square p-value