Table 3.

Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95 % CIs) of incident abnormal individual components of metabolic syndrome by intakes of LCω3PUFAs and non-fried fish, the CARDIA study, 1985–2010

Components of metabolic syndrome	Quintiles of LCω3PUFA intake					P for linear trenda
	Q1 (lowest)	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5 (highest)
Blood pressureb (n = 4154)	1 (referent)	0.86 (0.74,1.01)	0.89 (0.76,1.03)	0.75 (0.64,0.88)	0.63 (0.54,0.75)	<0.01
Glucosec (n = 4593)	1 (referent)	0.83 (0.67,1.04)	0.68 (0.54,0.85)	0.68 (0.54,0.86)	0.63 (0.50,0.80)	<0.01
HDL cholesterold (n = 3367)	1 (referent)	0.63 (0.54,0.73)	0.53 (0.45,0.61)	0.45 (0.38,0.54)	0.36 (0.30,0.44)	<0.01
Triglyceridese (n = 4289)	1 (referent)	0.67 (0.57,0.79)	0.55 (0.46,0.65)	0.48 (0.40,0.57)	0.43 (0.36,0.52)	<0.01
Waist circumferencef (n = 4217)	1 (referent)	0.77 (0.67,0.89)	0.67 (0.58,0.78)	0.63 (0.54,0.74)	0.60 (0.51,0.70)	<0.01
	Non-fried fish consumption					P for linear trenda
	<1 month	1–3 month	1 week	2–4 week	≥5 week
Blood pressureb (n = 4154)	1 (referent)	0.77 (0.59,1.002)	0.74 (0.58,0.95)	0.76 (0.62,0.95)	0.77 (0.62,0.95)	0.49
Glucosec (n = 4593)	1 (referent)	0.63 (0.43,0.92)	0.68 (0.48,0.96)	0.61 (0.45,0.82)	0.65 (0.49,0.87)	0.44
HDL cholesterold (n = 3367)	1 (referent)	0.94 (0.73,1.19)	0.70 (0.55,0.88)	0.66 (0.54,0.81)	0.62 (0.51,0.75)	<0.01
Triglyceridese (n = 4289)	1 (referent)	0.80 (0.61,1.04)	0.69 (0.54,0.88)	0.63 (0.51,0.79)	0.62 (0.50,0.76)	<0.01
Waist circumferencef (n = 4217)	1 (referent)	0.86 (0.68,1.10)	0.76 (0.61,0.94)	0.77 (0.64,0.94)	0.75 (0.62,0.91)	0.06

All models were constructed using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. The models were adjusted for the covariates listed for model 2 in Table 2

CARDIA Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, CI confidence interval, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HR hazard ratio, LCω3PUFA long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid

^aP for trend was examined by using medians in each quintile exposure of interest

^bIncident abnormal blood pressure: systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure BP ≥ 85 mmHg or if the participants were using antihypertensive medications in any of the follow-up examinations

^cIncident abnormal glucose: fasting glucose level ≥6.1 mmol/L or if the participants were using antidiabetic medications in any of the follow-up examinations

^dIncident abnormal HDL cholesterol: HDL cholesterol level <1.3 mmol/L in women or <1.04 mmol/L in men

^eIncident abnormal triglyceride: triglyceride level ≥1.7 mmol/L

^fIncident abnormal waist circumference: waist circumference >88 cm for women or >102 cm for men