Abstract
Objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of icotinib in patients with brain metastases (BMs) from lung adenocarcinoma.
Patients and methods
Clinical data of 28 cases with BMs from lung adenocarcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients took 125 mg icotinib orally three times a day. Progression of disease, intolerable adverse reactions, and number of deaths were recorded.
Results
For all the patients, the remission rate of icotinib was 67.8% and the disease control rate was 96.4%. The median overall survival time of patients was 21.2 months, and the median progression-free survival time of patients was 10.9 months. Only mild adverse events of grade 1/2 were observed during the treatment.
Conclusion
Icotinib was an effective and safe strategy to treat patients with BMs from lung adenocarcinoma.
Keywords: icotinib, lung adenocarcinoma, brain metastases
Introduction
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80%–85% of all lung cancer cases, and is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide1 and the majority of patients present with advanced disease.2 NSCLC is characterized by a high incidence of central nervous system metastases, with 30%–50% of NSCLC patients developing brain metastases (BMs),3 and lung cancer is one of the most common causes of BM, especially adenocarcinoma.4 Patients with BMs experience significant morbidity and a reduced quality of life, often with neurological dysfunction and cognitive impairment, as well as a poor prognosis, with a median survival time of 3–6 months; less for patients without treatment for 4–11 weeks.5–7
Owing to the ineffectiveness of the majority of chemotherapeutic drugs to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB), it is difficult for common chemotherapy drugs to improve the survival of patients with BMs.8–10 The introduction of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) brought new hope to advanced NSCLC patients. EGFR-TKIs, such as gefitinib and erlotinib, with their small molecular weight and ability to penetrate BBB to some extent, provided a certain efficacy in patients with BMs with relatively less adverse reactions compared with traditional chemotherapy. In clinical studies, the remission rate (RR) of gefitinib for NSCLC patients with BMs was reported to be from 10% to 38% and the median response time was 9–13.5 months.11–13 Erlotinib also showed effectiveness for patients with BMs.14–16 Studies indicated that activating mutations of the EGFR gene are strongly predictive of response to EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC.17,18 EGFR-TKIs are recommended for all lines of treating advanced NSCLC with activating mutations of EGFR, but the role of EGFR-TKIs in EGFR wild-type NSCLC is still debatable.19
Icotinib, an orally administered EGFR-TKI, showed potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo.20 A favorable safety profile was noted in Phase I and II trials. The most common adverse events included rash and diarrhea, and no cases of interstitial lung disease were reported.21,22 Icotinib has a shorter half-life than other EGFR-TKIs such as gefitinib, owing to the different profiles of the P450 metabolism enzymes that metabolize these drugs.23 The half-life is ~40 hours for gefitinib and ~6–8 hours for icotinib;21,24 hence, gefitinib is taken once a day, whereas icotinib is taken three times a day.
In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of taking 125 mg icotinib three times a day by patients with BMs from lung adenocarcinoma.
Patients and methods
Patients and treatment
A total of 28 cases with BMs from lung adenocarcinoma treated with icotinib in Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, from March 2010 to December 2014 were brought into this study. All patients were diagnosed with BM before taking icotinib. The subjects of this study were treated according to the ethical principles of World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. All subjects gave their written informed consent.
All the patients took 125 mg icotinib (Conmana™; Betta Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China) three times a day orally until disease progression or intolerable adverse effects happened.
Outcome assessments
Complete remission, partial remission (PR), and progression of disease were defined according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Version 1.125 to evaluate the efficacy of icotinib. Toxic reactions were assessed using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0.26
Progression-free survival (PFS) time was defined as the time from the first dose of icotinib to the disease progression first found on imaging. Overall survival time was defined as the time from the first dose of icotinib to the death or the last follow-up of patients.
EGFR gene mutation testing
EGFR gene mutations were detected in paraffin-embedded tissue sections from the primary tumor. Tumor tissue was scraped from the glass slides under direct visualization or under a dissecting microscope, and EGFR mutations were determined by DNA sequencing as follows: EGFR exons 18–21 were sequenced with a Sanger Sequencing Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
Statistical analysis
SPSS 22.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Numerical data were expressed as median. Enumeration data were expressed as constituent ratio, and the statistical differences among different groups were assessed by Fisher’s exact test. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan–Meier method. P<0.05 indicated a significant difference.
Results
Characteristics of patients with lung adenocarcinoma
The characteristics of the 28 patients with BMs from lung adenocarcinoma are shown in Table 1. Seven male and 21 female patients were enrolled with a median age of 59 years (range 37–77 years). There were four patients with a history of smoking.
Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (N=28)
| Characteristics | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Male | 7 | 25.0 |
| Female | 21 | 75.0 |
| Smoking history | ||
| Yes | 4 | 14.3 |
| No | 24 | 85.7 |
| ECOG | ||
| 0 | 15 | 53.6 |
| 1 | 9 | 32.1 |
| 2 | 4 | 14.3 |
| GPA | ||
| 0–1.5 | 11 | 39.3 |
| 2–3 | 17 | 60.7 |
| EGFR status | ||
| Mutation | 12 | 42.9 |
| Wild-type | 14 | 50.0 |
| Unknown | 2 | 7.1 |
| Treatment | ||
| Initial treatment | 11 | 39.3 |
| Retreatment | 17 | 60.7 |
| Site of first progression | ||
| Intracranial | 14 | 50.0 |
| Extracranial | 10 | 35.7 |
| Concurrent | 4 | 14.3 |
| Number of BMs | ||
| 1–3 | 19 | 67.9 |
| 4–10 | 5 | 17.9 |
| >10 | 4 | 14.3 |
| Extracranial metastases | ||
| Yes | 25 | 89.3 |
| No | 3 | 10.7 |
| Cerebral radiation | ||
| Before icotinib treatment | ||
| WBRT | 4 | 14.3 |
| SRT | 3 | 10.7 |
| During icotinib treatment | ||
| WBRT | 4 | 14.3 |
Abbreviations: ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; GPA, Graded Prognostic Assessment; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; BMs, brain metastases; WBRT, whole-brain radiation therapy; SRT, stereotactic radiation therapy.
EGFR gene statuses of 26 patients were detected using the biopsy samples collected by computed tomography-guided lung biopsy or bronchoscopy with biopsy. Twelve patients had EGFR gene mutations (exon 19 or 21) and 14 had wild-type EGFR. Two patients had unknown EGFR gene status because of the absence of the biopsy samples. Among the 16 patients with wild-type/unknown EGFR gene status who had a median age of 57.5 years (range 43–77 years), there were three men and 13 women, and two of them had a history of smoking.
All patients were diagnosed with BMs from lung adenocarcinoma before taking icotinib, of whom seven patients received cranial radiation before taking icotinib (three patients received whole-brain radiation therapy [WBRT] and four patients received stereotactic radiation therapy) and four patients received WBRT while taking icotinib. Eleven patients were treated for the first time and 17 were retreated patients. Fourteen patients received icotinib as the second-line drug and had received pemetrexed/paclitaxel combined with platinum as the first-line treatment. Three patients took icotinib as the third-line therapy or more than three lines of treatment, and they had been treated with pemetrexed, vinca alkaloids, taxanes, and platinum drugs.
Patients’ survival and progression of disease
In this study, 20 patients died and eight survived. Disease progressed in 23 cases and five had no disease progression. The median overall survival (mOS) time of patients was 21.2 months, and the median progression-free survival (mPFS) time of patients was 10.9 months. The data of patients’ survival are shown in Table 2.
Table 2.
mOS and mPFS of patients with BMs from lung adenocarcinoma after icotinib treatment
| Total (N=28) | Treatment-naïve patients (n=11) | Retreated patients (n=17) | Patients with EGFR gene mutations (n=12) | Patients with unknown EGFR gene status (n=16) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mOS (months) | 21.1 | 15.2 | 21.2 | 21.2 | 20.4 |
| Range | 2.9–33.6 | 2.9–31.5 | 6.2–33.6 | 6.2–31.5 | 2.9–33.6 |
| 95% CI | 16.6–25.6 | 6.0–24.4 | 17.2–25.2 | 10.2–32.2 | 15.9–24.9 |
| mPFS (months) | 10.9 | 14.4 | 10.5 | 12.4 | 10.0 |
| Range | 1.1–31.5 | 1.1–31.5 | 2.1–23.9 | 4.8–31.5 | 1.1–23.9 |
| 95% CI | 9.7–12.0 | 6.8–21.9 | 9.2–11.8 | 8.1–16.7 | 6.4–13.6 |
Abbreviations: mOS, median overall survival; mPFS, median progression-free survival; BMs, brain metastases; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; CI, confidence interval.
The mOS time of the eleven treatment-naïve patients was 15.2 months and the mPFS time was 14.4 months. The mOS time of the 17 retreated patients was 21.2 months and the mPFS time was 10.5 months. The survival curve is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Kaplan–Meier curves of patients treated with icotinib for the first time and patients retreated with icotinib.
Notes: (A) Overall survival of patients. (B) Progression-free survival of patients.
Abbreviations: mOS, median overall survival; mPFS, median progression-free survival; CI, confidence interval.
The mOS time of 12 patients with EGFR gene mutations was 21.2 months and the mPFS time was 12.4 months. The mOS time of the other 16 patients with wild-type/unknown EGFR gene status was 20.4 months and the mPFS time was 10.0 months. The survival curve is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Kaplan–Meier curves of patients with EGFR gene mutations and patients with wild-type/unknown EGFR gene status.
Notes: (A)Overall survival of patients. (B) Progression-free survival of patients.
Abbreviations: EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; mOS, median overall survival; mPFS, median progression-free survival; CI, confidence interval.
Efficacy of icotinib
As shown in Table 3, RR, defined as the sum of complete remission rate and PR rate, was 67.8% in total patients. The disease control rate (DCR) was 96.4%.
Table 3.
RR and DCR of icotinib for patients with BMs from lung adenocarcinoma
| Total (N=28) | Treatment-naïve patients (n=11) | Retreated patients (n=17) | Patients with EGFR gene mutations (n=12) | Patients with unknown EGFR gene status (n=16) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (%) | 67.8 | 81.8 | 91.7 | 91.7 | 50.0 |
| DCR (%) | 96.4 | 90.9 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 93.8 |
Abbreviations: RR, remission rate; DCR, disease control rate; BMs, brain metastases; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor.
For the eleven treatment-naïve patients, RR of icotinib was 81.8% and DCR was 90.9%. For the retreated patients, RR was 91.7% and DCR was 100.0%.
For 12 patients with EGFR gene mutations, RR of icotinib was 91.7% and DCR was 100.0%. For the other 16 patients, RR was 50% and DCR was 93.8%.
In all, 20 of 28 patients were confirmed dead and eight were alive at the last follow-up. Five patients did not progress and 23 progressed. Sixteen patients had progression of extracranial metastases and 17 had progression of BMs.
Adverse effects
None of the 28 patients stopped treatment for toxicity and side effects. Only mild adverse events of grade 1/2 were observed during the treatment, including nine cases (32.1%) of rash, five cases (17.9%) of diarrhea, and one case of dental ulcer (3.6%; Table 4).
Table 4.
Adverse reactions of patients
| Toxicity | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Fatigue | 20 | 71.4 |
| Dermatology | ||
| Alopecia | 3 | 32.1 |
| Acneiform rash | 9 | 17.9 |
| Ulceration | 1 | 3.6 |
| Gastrointestinal | ||
| Anorexia | 6 | 21.4 |
| Nausea | 15 | 53.7 |
| Vomiting | 6 | 21.4 |
| Diarrhea | 5 | 20.8 |
| Altered taste | 2 | 7.1 |
| Hepatobiliary | ||
| Increased AST/ALT | 1 | 3.6 |
| Increased bilirubin | 3 | 10.7 |
| Neurologic | ||
| Headache | 3 | 10.7 |
| Dizziness | 5 | 17.8 |
Abbreviations: AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine transaminase.
Discussion
Icotinib hydrochloride (Conmana™) is the first novel anticancer drug developed by the Chinese pharmaceutical industry and has been approved by the China Food and Drug Administration in June 2011 for the treatment of local advanced or metastatic NSCLC. A nationwide (27 centers), randomized, double-blind, double-modulated, parallel-controlled, Phase III trial with a single agent icotinib in lung cancer patients after failure of chemotherapy demonstrated its validity and safety.27
Similar to other EGFR-TKIs gefitinib and erlotinib, icotinib inhibited growth of human tumor cell lines that overexpress EGFR (half maximal inhibitory concentration 1 mmol/L for A431 cells) and growth of A431 cells (human epithelial carcinomas) in a nude mouse xenograft model.28 Moreover, in a tolerance clinical trial implemented by Peking Union Medical College Hospital, icotinib exhibited excellent tolerance among healthy Chinese subjects.22 The exact molecular mechanism of icotinib remains unclear.
Our study proved the effectiveness of icotinib in patients with BMs from lung adenocarcinoma. RR and DCR in all 28 patients were higher than those in Zhao et al’s study with a RR of 57.3% and a DCR of 87.8%.29 In Zhao et al’s study, icotinib was used as the first-line treatment for preventing BMs from advanced lung adenocarcinoma in patients with EGFR gene mutations. For the patients first treated with icotinib in our study, RR was significantly higher (81.8% vs 57.3%) and DCR was similar (90.9% vs 87.8%).
In Porta et al’s study,30 the median time to progression within the brain for patients harboring EGFR mutations treated with erlotinib was 11.7 months compared to 5.8 months for control patients whose EGFR mutational status had not been assessed (P<0.05) and the mOS time was 12.9 months and 3.1 months (P<0.001), respectively. In this study, patients with EGFR mutations treated with icotinib had a longer mOS time and mPFS time. Previous studies suggested that NSCLC patients with EGFR gene mutations benefited more (higher efficiency and longer survival) from EGFR-TKI treatment than NSCLC patients with wild-type EGFR gene.30,31 Park et al32 had reported a high response rate of 83% (23/28) for EGFR TKIs in patients with BM from NSCLC harboring EGFR gene mutations. Also, in our study, the RR and DCR in patients with wild-type/unknown EGFR gene statuses were high. The reason might be that the EGFR gene statuses were different between the primary tumor and the metastases.33 In this study, we did not detect the EGFR gene statuses in BMs due to the limitation of the biopsy methods. As a small molecule TKI, icotinib can cross the BBB, making it possible to achieve the effective therapeutic concentration of drug in BMs to suppress the development of BMs.
In our study, there were four patients who received cerebral radiation during icotinib treatment. Three of them achieved PR and one patient had stable disease. No intolerable adverse reactions were observed in them. Research in vitro suggested that EGFR-TKIs significantly potentiated the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation in human cancer cell lines that expressed functional EGFRs.34 The overall response rate was 86% in a study of erlotinib plus concurrent WBRT for patients with BMs from NSCLC, and the median survival time was 11.8 months.35 A Phase II study of icotinib and WBRT in Chinese patients with BMs from NSCLC suggested that icotinib was well tolerated in combination with WBRT and showed efficacy in patients with BMs from NSCLC who harbored EGFR gene mutations.36 In contrast, the addition of erlotinib to WBRT combined with stereotactic radiosurgery in the NSCLC patients with one to three BMs did not improve survival and possibly had a deleterious effect.37
In our study, only mild adverse effects of grade 1/2 were observed. No liver damage was found in patients. This agreed with other studies.21,38,39 This indicated that icotinib was safe for patients with NSCLC.
Unlike other EGFR-TKI drugs, such as erlotinib and gefitinib, which came to the market earlier, there were not enough studies on icotinib. Many questions still need to be answered, for example, should icotinib be taken alone or combined with radiation in patients with BMs from NSCLC.
Conclusion
Icotinib is effective and safe to treat patients with BMs from lung adenocarcinoma. However, there were some limitations of this study. First, this is a retrospective study. Second, data of the patients were not very comprehensive. Therefore, a prospective study with a large sample size would be needed to adequately evaluate the efficacy and safety of icotinib in patients with BMs from lung adenocarcinoma.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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