Table 1.

Molecular mechanisms through which WG interacts with various types of tumors

Tumor type	Cell lines	Key signaling	References
Leukemia	HL-60	Caspase-3↑, Bcl-2↓, telomerase activity↓	14
		Caspase-3↑, H2AX phosphorylation, cleavage of PARP	15, 16
	NALM-6	VEGF, cMyc, NF-κB↓	18
Multiple myeloma	8226	ABCG2 protein↓, Akt1 protein↓	19, 20
HCC	HepG2	Bcl-2↓, Bax protein↑, pro-caspase-3↑	24
		ROS, ER stress	24
		Nrf2↓	24
	SMMC-7721	PI3K/AKT↓, Bax↑, Bcl-2↓, caspase-3↑, p21	24
CRC	HCT116	HIF-1α↓, PI3K/AKT↓	29
		G1 arrest, Wnt/β-catenin↓	30
	HT-29	NF-κB, Nrf2, AKT	27, 31, 32
Breast cancer	MCF-7	PI3K/AKT↓	11, 36–38
		ERK↑, p38 MAPKs↑, HIF-1α↑	39
	MDA-MB-231	PKCδ↓, ERK phosphorylation, MMP-9↓	40
Glioma	F98	AKT↓, GSK-3β↓, NF-κB↓	47
	C6 and U251	G1 arrest, GSK-3β↓, AKT↓	48
	GBM8401	PKCα, ERK, NF-κB, MMP-9	49
	U87 and U251	ROS, ER stress	50, 51, 53
	U87-MG, U343-MG, U373, T98G, and MCF-10A	AMPK, p53	52
Lung cancer	A549	p53↑, Bax↑	55
		ROS	56
		IL-6/STAT3	57
		COX-2↓, c-Jun↓, AP-1↓	58
	SK-MES-1	p53↑, Bax↑, Cyclin D1	55
Cervical cancer	HeLa	p53, p21Cip1	59
	HPV-16	E6↓, E7↓	60
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	NPC-TW076/039	GSK-3β↓, ΔNp63↓	61
		mTOR/P70S6K, AKT, Raf/ERK	62
Osteosarcoma	U-2 OS	ER stress	63
Melanoma	B60-F10	Extracellular regulated protein kinases and protein kinase B	64

Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; CRC, colorectal cancer; WG, wogonin; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; Nrf2, NF-E2-related factor 2; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase.