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. 2016 May 9;2016:5825170. doi: 10.1155/2016/5825170

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Typical insulin signaling cascade. Insulin binds to insulin receptor in the cell surface [7, 13–15]. The signal goes via IRS, PI3K, and PDK1 to Akt. Akt is a key regulator of this cascade and triggers various signals of physiological responses such as stimulation of glucose uptake, inhibition of gluconeogenesis, and stimulation of lipogenesis. Insulin also stimulates cell growth and proliferation via MEK and ERK cascade. IRS: insulin receptor substrate, PI3K: isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase, PDK1: 3′-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1, GLUT4: glucose transporter type 4, FoxO1: Forkhead box protein O1, and SREBP-1c: sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c.