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Activation of STAT3 in HCC. Two different pathways have been reported to activate STAT3 in HCC. Fzd2-STAT3 signaling has been shown to lead to EMT and metastasis independent of IL-6 (6). Whereas, IL-6-STAT3 signaling has been shown to increase HCC stemness as assessed by CD133 expression (5). STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IL-6, interleukin-6.
