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Mitochondrial biogenesis. Damage to mitochondria by reactive oxygen species sets off a cascade to generate new mitochondria, which is dependent on activation of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes. MMP = mitochondrial membrane potential; ROS = reactive oxygen species; HO-1 = heme oxygenase-1; NRF = nuclear respiratory factor; Tfam = mitochondrial transcription factor A; mtDNA = mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid. Color image is available online at www.liebertpub.com/sur
