Table 1.

Bacterial infections after NHP transplantation^a

Infectious cause	Timing	Presentation	Diagnosis	Treatment
Gram-positive and -negative skin flora	First month	Erythema Edema Purulent drainage from or near wound	Physical exam, culture	Incision and drainage Antibiotics
S. pneumoniae K. pneumoniae B. bronchiseptica H. influenzae Streptococcus spp. Staphylococcus spp. Pasteurella spp. M. tuberculosis	First month	Cough Rhinitis Fever Lethargy Anorexia Weight loss Dyspnea	Blood or sputum culture Chest x-ray	TMP/SMX (4/20 mg/kg) for Shigella Penicillin/aminoglycoside Cephalosporin/aminoglycoside Euthanasia for tuberculosis
Gram-negative bacteria	First month	Difficulty urinating	Urinalysis Urine culture	TMP/SMX Enrofloxacin
Shigella C. jejuni E. coli P. aeruginosa Yersinia Lawsonia intracellularis Salmonella A. aerogenes Helicobacter	Any time	Watery or bloody feces Dehydration Emaciation Prostration Gastritis Anorexia Vomiting	Stool culture Ova and parasites C. difficile toxin H. pylori screen	Enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg SID TMP/SMX (4/20 mg/kg) for Shigella Erythromycin for Campylobacter

^aNHP, nonhuman primate; SID, once daily; TMP/SMX, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole