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. 2016 Apr 28;6(7):969–985. doi: 10.7150/thno.14856

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Scheme 1 — The scheme of click chemistry-mediated nanosensors for biochemical assays. (A) CuAAC combined with Au NPs for detection of Cu (II) and other targets, in which CuAAC is used for signal transformation. The “R-N=N=N-R” represents the ligands of azides, and R-C≡C-R represents the ligands of alkynes (B) Three types of nanosensors based on nanoparticles (quantum dots, QDs; magnetic nanoparticles, MNPs; and graphene) and click chemistry for detection of circulating tumor cells (CTC), pathogens, cancer biomarkers and imaging applications. Click chemistries are employed to functionalize the surface of NPs or used as bio-conjugation strategy. “Tz” presents one ligands of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines, and “TCO” presents another ligands of trans-cyclooctene.