. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Res Adolesc. 2014 Dec 8;26(2):241–256. doi: 10.1111/jora.12188

Table 2.

Cross-Lagged Regression Paths for Academic Competence and Expectations

Model 1. Academic Competence					Model 2. Acadiemic Expectatioins

Grade	SB → AC	AC → SB	AC → AC	SB → SB	SB → AE	AE → SB	AE → AE	SB → SB

5^th → 6^th	.07^* (.03)^a	.01 (.04)^b	.71^***(.05)^e	.51^*** (.03)^h	---	---	---	---
6^th → 7^th	.10^*(.04)^a	.01 (.04)^b	.58^*** (.05)	.52^*** (.04)^h	.16^*** (.03)^l	−.05 (.04)^m	.26^*** (.05)	.54^*** (.04)^q
7^th → 8^th	−.06 (.05)	.01 (.03)^b	.73^*** (.05)^e	.52^*** (.04)^h	.19^*** (.04)^l	−.05 (.03)^m	.42^*** (.04)	.57^*** (.04)^q

		GS → AC	INC → AC	EDU → AC		GS → AE	INC → AE	EDU → AE

5^th → 5^th		−.07^*** (.02)^c	.08^*** (.02)^f	.11^*** (.03)^l		---	---	---
5^th → 6^th		−.07^*** (.02)^c	.07^*** (.02)^f	.10^*** (.03)ⁱ		−.01 (.03)ⁿ	.09^*** (.03)^o	.06^* (.03)^r
5^th → 7^th		−.07^*** (.02)^c	.08^*** (.02)^f	−.06 (.03)^j		−.01 (.03)ⁿ	.09^*** (.03)^o	.06^* (.03)^r
5^th → 8^th		−.07^*** (.02)^c	.07^*** (.02)^f	−.06 (.03)^j		−.01 (.03)ⁿ	.09^*** (.03)^o	.06^* (.03)^r

		GS → SB	INC → SB	EDU → SB		GS → SB	INC → SB	EDU → SB

5^th → 5^th		−.02 (.02)^d	.03 (.03)^g	.01 (.03)^k		---	---	---
5^th → 6^th		−.02 (.02)^d	.02 (.02)^g	.02 (.02)^k		−.04 (.05)	.03 (.03)^p	.01 (.03)^s
5^th → 7^th		−.02 (.02)^d	.02 (.02)^g	.01 (.02)^k		.03 (.04)	.03 (.03)^p	.01 (.02)^s
5^th → 8^th		−.02 (.02)^d	.02 (.02)^g	.01 (.02)^k		−.04 (.04)	.03 (.02)^p	.01 (.02)^s

Means:	5^th	6^th	7^th	8^th		6^th	7^th	8^th

M_SB	3.60 ^sb5	3.65 ^sb6	3.50 ^sb7	3.43 ^sb8	M _SB	3.65 ^sb6	3.50 ^sb7	3.43 ^sb8
M_AC	3.86 ^ac5	3.89 ^ac6	3.85 ^ac7	3.74 ^ac8	M _AE	5.72 ^ae6	6.34 ^ae7	6.31 ^ae8

Note. Coefficients are standardized; standard errors are in parentheses. AC = academic competence; AE = academic expectations; SB = school belonging; EDU = parent education; INC = family income; GS = generational status. CFI = comparative fit index; TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index; RMSEA = root mean squared error of approximation. Covariates include gender and English language proficiency. Model 1 fit: x² (242) = 384.06, CFI = .97, TLI = .96, RMSEA = .03. Model 2 fit: x² (140) = 240.02, CFI = .98, TLI = .97, RMSEA = .03.

^a-s

paths constrained to be equal. Reported means are observed and mean differences are based on the latent measurement models of Model 1 and Model 2: sb5, sb6 > sb7, sb8 ***; sb7 > sb8***; ac5 > ac7 *; ac5 > ac8 ***; ac6, ac7 > ac8 ***; ae7, ae8 >ae6***.

p< .05.

^**

p< .01.

^***

p< .001.