Table 4.
Determinants of Vascular Thickness and Stiffness
| Carotid Intimal Media Thickness (mm) | Pulse Wave Velocity (m/s) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Model 1- CVRFs + traditional lipids |
Model 2- CVRFs + total particle number and size |
Model 3-CVRFs + subparticle concentrations |
Model 1- CVRFs + traditional lipids |
Model 2- CVRFs + total particle number and size |
Model 3-CVRFs + subparticle concentrations |
| Age (years) | 0.225 (0.0008) | 0.223 (0.0009) | 0.226 (0.0006) | 0.472 (0.0000) | 0.450 (0.0000) | 0.445 (0.0000) |
| Sex (Male) | 0.180 (0.0068) | 0.195 (0.0035) | 0.201 (0.0025) | −0.211 (0.0003) | −0.227 (0.0001) | −0.199 (0.0005) |
| Race (African American) | 0.133 (0.0457) | 0.181 (0.0009) | 0.195 (0.0003) | 0.188 (0.0004) | 0.133 (0.0457) | |
| BMI z score | 0.268 (0.0000) | 0.234 (0.0001) | 0.238 (0.0000) | |||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 0.154 (0.0217) | 0.166 (0.0121) | 0.144 (0.0277) | |||
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 0.163 (0.0109) | 0.153 (0.0154) | 0.173 (0.0059) | |||
| HbA1c (%) | 0.180 (0.0068) | 0.144 (0.0333) | ||||
| HDL-P | −0.143 (0.0317) | |||||
| Intermediate HDL-P | −0.161 (0.0179) | |||||
| HDL size | −0.138 (0.0116) | |||||
| Small HDL-P | 0.165 (0.0018) | |||||
| R2 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.53 |
BMI=body mass index; BP=blood pressure; HbA1c=hemoglobin A1c. Data are presented as standardized parameter estimate with p values in parentheses. Only significant variables (p<0.05) were retained in the final model. In all models, the following CVRFs variables were considered: group (pre-diabetes vs. obese), age, race, sex, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index z score, HOMA-IR, hemoglobin A1c, hs-CRP. Model 1 included LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides and CVRFs. Model 2 included total LDL, VLDL, and HDL particle number and size + CVRFs and excluded LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides. Model 3 included subparticle concentrations + CVRFs and excluded LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides, total particle number and size.