Table 3.
Incidence of Early and Late Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Worse Eye by Refractive Error, Overall and for Each Race/Ethnicity, in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
| Myopia | Status | N | Age-and Sex-Standardized Incidencesa
|
Odds Ratio (95% CI)b
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early AMD | Late AMD | Early AMD | Late AMDc | |||
| Overall | No | 2431 | 4.1% (96) | 2.2% (22) | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] |
| Yes | 1140 | 4.0% (31) | 2.4% (10) | 0.80 (0.52, 1.22); p=0.289 | 1.32 (0.60, 2.88); p=0.462 | |
| White | No | 917 | 5.5% (52) | 3.7% (14) | 1 [reference] | |
| Yes | 531 | 5.3% (20) | 4.5% (7) | 0.89 (0.52, 1.54); p=0.678 | ||
| Black | No | 637 | 1.5% (11) | 0.6% (1) | 1 [reference] | |
| Yes | 259 | 1.8% (4) | 0.0% (0) | 1.02 (0.32, 3.28); p=0.974 | ||
| Hispanic | No | 634 | 3.0% (19) | 0.8% (3) | 1 [reference] | |
| Yes | 154 | 2.4% (3) | 0.9% (1) | 0.76 (0.22, 2.64); p=0.669 | ||
| Chinese | No | 243 | 5.5% (14) | 2.9% (4) | 1 [reference] | |
| Yes | 196 | 3.9% (4) | 1.7% (2) | 0.41 (0.13, 1.32); p=0.137 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Hyperopia | Status | N | Early AMD | Late AMD | Early AMD | Late AMDc |
|
| ||||||
| Overall | No | 2267 | 3.5% (59) | 2.6% (19) | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] |
| Yes | 1304 | 5.2% (68) | 2.0% (13) | 1.51 (1.04, 2.20); p=0.025 | 0.81 (0.39, 1.68); p=0.528 | |
| White | No | 949 | 4.8% (36) | 3.8% (11) | 1 [reference] | |
| Yes | 499 | 6.7% (36) | 3.6% (10) | 1.40 (0.86, 2.29); p=0.179 | ||
| Black | No | 574 | 1.7% (8) | 0.9% (1) | 1 [reference] | |
| Yes | 322 | 1.4% (7) | 0.0% (0) | 0.95 (0.33, 2.71); p=0.922 | ||
| Hispanic | No | 415 | 1.9% (8) | 0.6% (2) | 1 [reference] | |
| Yes | 373 | 4.2% (14) | 0.9% (2) | 1.52 (0.61, 3.76); p=0.366 | ||
| Chinese | No | 329 | 3.5% (7) | 2.6% (5) | 1 [reference] | |
| Yes | 110 | 7.4% (11) | 1.5% (1) | 3.29 (1.18, 9.17); p=0.023 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Astigmatism | Status | N | Early AMD | Late AMD | Early AMD | Late AMDc |
|
| ||||||
| Overall | No | 2012 | 3.2% (47) | 2.3% (12) | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] |
| Yes | 1562 | 4.5% (80) | 2.3% (20) | 1.47 (1.00, 2.16); p=0.053 | 0.92 (0.43, 1.97); p=0.834 | |
| White | No | 802 | 4.5% (28) | 5.1% (9) | 1 [reference] | |
| Yes | 646 | 5.7% (44) | 3.5% (12) | 1.41 (0.84, 2.35); p=0.192 | ||
| Black | No | 514 | 2.0% (4) | 0.0% (0) | 1 [reference] | |
| Yes | 383 | 1.9% (11) | 0.5% (1) | 2.30 (0.69, 7.64); p=0.176 | ||
| Hispanic | No | 480 | 1.8% (9) | 0.6% (2) | 1 [reference] | |
| Yes | 309 | 3.2% (13) | 0.8% (2) | 1.56 (0.62, 3.95); p=0.344 | ||
| Chinese | No | 216 | 2.7% (6) | 0.7% (1) | 1 [reference] | |
| Yes | 224 | 5.3% (12) | 3.0% (5) | 1.23 (0.43, 3.51); p=0.693 | ||
Myopia is defined as a spherical equivalent of −1.0 diopter or less in the worse eye.
Hyperopia is defined as a spherical equivalent of 1.0 diopter or more in the worse eye.
Astigmatism is defined as more than 1.0 diopter of cylinder value in the worse eye.
Incidence estimates were age- and sex-standardized to the 2010 U.S. Census population.
Analyses compared incident AMD between participants with and without the specific refractive error, overall and by racial/ethnic group, adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity for the overall cohort and for age and sex in analyses stratified by race/ethnicity.
Analyses stratified by race/ethnicity were not completed for late AMD due to small numbers.