Table 1.
Means (SDs) and numbers (percentages) of cardiovascular risk factors by cotinine concentration: non-smokers and light active cigarette smokers
|
Passive smoke exposure (ng/ml cotinine)
|
Active smokers (1-9/day)
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤0.7 | 0.8-1.4 | 1.5-2.7 | 2.8-14.0 | P value for trend* | ||
| Mean cotinine (ng/ml) | 0.5 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 4.9 | 138.4 | — |
| No of men | 575 | 508 | 506 | 516 | 192 | — |
| Age (years) | 50.5 (5.7) | 49.9 (5.7) | 50.2 (5.8) | 50.5 (6.1) | 50.7 (5.7) | 0.96 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 (2.9) | 25.4 (3.1) | 26.3 (3.1) | 26.5 (3.4) | 25.0 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 174.0 (6.6) | 173.5 (6.6) | 173.5 (6.6) | 172.4 (6.5) | 172.8 (6.1) | 0.03 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 144 (22) | 145 (21) | 147 (20) | 151 (22) | 144 (22) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 82 (14) | 83 (13) | 85 (14) | 87 (15) | 83 (14) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 6.3 (1.0) | 6.3 (1.0) | 6.3 (1.0) | 6.3 (1.0) | 6.3 (1.0) | 0.50 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.14 (0.25) | 1.16 (0.27) | 1.14 (0.26) | 1.20 (0.26) | 1.15 (0.25) | <0.001 |
| White cell count (109/l) | 6.4 (1.4) | 6.5 (1.4) | 6.6 (2.3) | 6.7 (1.4) | 7.2 (1.6) | 0.02 |
| FEV1 (ml) | 357 (68) | 355 (72) | 346 (74) | 329 (80) | 329 (78) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides† (mmol/l) | 1.65 | 1.61 | 1.77 | 1.78 | 1.74 | 0.04 |
| Evidence of CHD | 134 (23) | 126 (25) | 117 (23) | 142 (28) | 48 (25) | 0.19 |
| Diabetes (diagnosed by doctor) | 8 (1) | 8 (2) | 7 (1) | 5 (1) | 4 (2) | — |
| Physical activity: none or occasional | 182 (32) | 169 (33) | 163 (32) | 208 (40) | 70 (36) | 0.25 |
| Alcohol intake: never or occasional | 261 (45) | 189 (37) | 145 (29) | 104 (20) | 52 (27) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake: heavy (>6 drinks/day) | 10 (2) | 22 (4) | 38 (8) | 85 (16) | 22 (11) | <0.001 |
| Former smoker | 267 (46) | 259 (51) | 309 (61) | 325 (63) | — | <0.001 |
| Manual workers | 246 (43) | 258 (51) | 287 (57) | 346 (67) | 120 (63) | <0.001 |
| Live in south | 303 (53) | 196 (39) | 158 (31) | 113 (22) | 64 (33) | <0.001‡ |
*
Across passive smoking groups only. Adjusted for age and town.
†
Geometric means as log transformed.
‡
Adjusted for age only.