Table 2.
Predictors. Predictors found in review of reviews and odds ratios from an existing self-administered fall-risk questionnaire (multivariable odds ratios) and our questionnaire (univariable odds ratio).
| Variable | N studies | N patients | Odds ratio | (95% CI) | Log of the odds ratio | Heterogeneity (I 2) | Meta-analysis | OR El Miedany (FRAS) | OR Obrist |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (per 5-year increase) | 8 | 1.11 | (1.05–1.17) | 0.10 | p = 0.007 | Deandrea et al., 2010 [5] | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.04) | 1.69 (1.14 to 2.53) | |
| Living alone | 12 | 5419 | 1.16 | (1.02–1.32) | 0.15 | I 2 < 25% | Bloch et al., 2010 [40] | ||
| Taking drugs (yes/no) | 5 | 508 | 4.24 | (3.06–5.88) | 1.45 | 16% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 2.68 (1.02 to 7.02) | |
| Laxatives | 7 | 7 611 | 2.03 | (1.52–2.72) | 0.71 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Psychotropic drugs | 32 | 43 552 | 1.74 | (1.56–1.95) | 0.55 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Polymedication | 29 | 25 098 | 1.71 | (1.50–1.96) | 0.54 | 38% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 3.04 (1.18 to 7.89) | |
| Benzodiazepines | 26 | 54 919 | 1.61 | (1.35–1.93) | 0.48 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Antidepressants | 46 | 19 988 | 1.59 | (1.43–1.75) | 0.46 | 21% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Antiepileptics | 9 | 34 021 | 1.56 | (1.28–1.90) | 0.45 | 22% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Antiparkinsonians | 13 | 21 899 | 1.55 | (1.21–1.97) | 0.44 | 42% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Hypnotics | 36 | 4 453 | 1.53 | (1.40–1.68) | 0.43 | 44% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Digoxins | 11 | 8 587 | 1.48 | (1.11–1.99) | 0.39 | 17% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Narcotics | 7 | 22 973 | 1.43 | (1.27–1.61) | 0.36 | 39% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Tranquilizers | 12 | 12 391 | 1.42 | (1.21–1.67) | 0.35 | 47% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Metabolic and endocrine medicines | 11 | 38 846 | 1.39 | (1.20–1.62) | 0.33 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Antipsychotics | 23 | 29 584 | 1.37 | (1.16–1.61) | 0.32 | 15% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Analgesics | 11 | 9 869 | 1.33 | (1.07–1.65) | 0.29 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Anti-inflammatory | 18 | 22 209 | 1.25 | (1.11–1.42) | 0.22 | 31% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| ACE inhibitor | 6 | 66 696 | 1.21 | (1.15–1.28) | 0.19 | 39% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Vasodilators | 17 | 7 212 | 1.12 | (1.04–1.21) | 0.11 | 71% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Antihypertensives | 25 | 81 908 | 1.1 | (1.05–1.16) | 0.10 | 25% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Cardiovascular medicines | 23 | 88 467 | 0.78 | (0.67–0.90) | −0.25 | 80% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Fall history | 39 | 25 808 | 3.86 | (3.42–4.37) | 1.35 | 58% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.7) | 2.1 (0.78 to 5.69) |
| Fear of falling | 13 | 22 809 | 2.4 | (2.07–2.77) | 0.88 | 48% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 1.35 (0.37 to 4.99) | |
| Digestive disease | 8 | 10 649 | 2.2 | (1.65–2.93) | 0.79 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Sensory disorder | 9 | 3 125 | 2.2 | (1.56–3.11) | 0.79 | 38% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 1.54 (0.48 to 5.03) | |
| Parkinson's disease | 29 | 39 477 | 2.19 | (1.68–2.84) | 0.78 | 50% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Neurological disease | 17 | 20 281 | 2.18 | (1.69–2.82) | 0.78 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 2.28 (0 to 11.45) | |
| Disorientation | 8 | 8 648 | 2.16 | (1.68–2.78) | 0.77 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Low body mass index | 12 | 15 396 | 2.05 | (1.70–2.48) | 0.72 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 4.5 (0.27 to 73.83) | |
| Impaired cognition/dementia | 35 | 59 363 | 1.96 | (1.80–2.14) | 0.67 | 88% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Fracture history | 11 | 1612 | 1.89 | (1.53–2.34) | 0.64 | 51% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | Not estimable | |
| Urinary incontinence | 34 | 59 458 | 1.73 | (1.60–1.88) | 0.55 | 49% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 2.23 (0 to 17.89) | |
| Self-perceived state problem | 18 | 19 015 | 1.73 | (1.48–2.02) | 0.55 | 56% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Depression | 39 | 67 858 | 1.64 | (1.52–1.76) | 0.50 | 40% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 2.38 (0 to 19.27) | |
| Urinary functional sign | 4 | 1 826 | 1.64 | (1.16–2.33) | 0.50 | 19% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Closely vision impairment | 7 | 13 418 | 1.62 | (1.48–1.78) | 0.48 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Cardiac and vascular problems | 14 | 24 367 | 1.6 | (1.45–1.75) | 0.47 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 1.98 (0.82 to 4.76) | |
| Vision impairment | 39 | 38 671 | 1.49 | (1.39–1.59) | 0.40 | 47% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 2.8 (1.1 to 7.6) | 3.07 (0.58 to 16.43) |
| Anemia | 5 | 502 | 1.47 | (1.15–1.88) | 0.39 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Stroke | 49 | 54 336 | 1.44 | (1.34–1.56) | 0.37 | 20% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Cardiac rhythm disorder | 9 | 3 402 | 1.42 | (1.14–1.75) | 0.35 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Hearing impairment | 17 | 21 878 | 1.37 | (1.27–1.48) | 0.32 | 11% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 1.3 (0.53 to 3.18) | |
| Ophthalmic disease | 16 | 31 443 | 1.29 | (1.18–1.40) | 0.26 | 24% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Altered general health state | 9 | 13 786 | 1.28 | (1.15–1.43) | 0.25 | 34% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| High blood pressure | 35 | 45 115 | 1.28 | (1.19–1.37) | 0.25 | 42% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 2.09 (0.81 to 5.43) | |
| Diabetes | 40 | 61 028 | 1.27 | (1.19–1.36) | 0.24 | 11% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 1.47 (0 to 10.9) | |
| Behavioral disorder | 16 | 35 858 | 1.27 | (1.14–1.42) | 0.24 | 0.25 | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Postural hypotension | 20 | 11 939 | 1.27 | (1.09–1.47) | 0.24 | 9% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 1.18 (0.44 to 3.22) | |
| Arthrosis/osteoarthritis | 37 | 5 284 | 1.24 | (1.20–1.28) | 0.22 | 88% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 0.76 (0.3 to 1.94) | |
| Low cognitive score | 22 | 1 754 | 1.22 | (1.12–1.32) | 0.20 | 46% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Cancer | 10 | 26 642 | 1.22 | (1.09–1.35) | 0.20 | 44% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Abnormal walking test | 11 | 14 677 | 3.34 | (2.36–4.72) | 1.21 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Wandering | 3 | 8 896 | 2.82 | (2.30–3.46) | 1.04 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Muscular weakness | 11 | 12 705 | 2.66 | (2.12–3.33) | 0.98 | 66% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 2.1 (1.1 to 4.4) | 4.5 (0.27 to 74.51) |
| Slow walking speed | 8 | 3 358 | 2.56 | (1.96–3.33) | 0.94 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 5.0 (2.0 to 12.0) | Not estimable |
| Walking problem | 29 | 20 309 | 2.48 | (2.24–2.75) | 0.91 | 78% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Unable to get up from a chair | 10 | 9 973 | 2.44 | (1.92–3.09) | 0.89 | 78% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Unsteady turning | 6 | 1 274 | 2.39 | (1.50–3.79) | 0.87 | 77% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Self-perceived balance problem | 4 | 3 118 | 2.36 | (1.83–3.03) | 0.86 | 28% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 3.5 (1.5 to 7.5) | 1.84 (0.66 to 5.17) |
| Abnormal Tinetti test score | 9 | 3 749 | 2.35 | (1.63–3.40) | 0.85 | 77% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Abnormal balance test | 16 | 7 814 | 2.26 | (1.79–2.85) | 0.82 | 78% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Reduction of step length | 9 | 1565 | 2.12 | (1.46–3.08) | 0.75 | 76% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Balance problem | 14 | 4 318 | 2.1 | (1.72–2.55) | 0.74 | 90% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Lower extremity disability | 19 | 8 691 | 1.89 | (1.65–2.17) | 0.64 | 78% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Lower grip strength | 7 | 5 923 | 1.78 | (1.44–2.21) | 0.58 | 47% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Reduced mobility | 11 | 24 526 | 1.58 | (1.44–1.74) | 0.46 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 1.18 (0.47 to 2.97) | |
| Feet problems | 18 | 15 014 | 1.5 | (1.23–1.82) | 0.41 | 54% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Dizziness | 20 | 22 142 | 1.36 | (1.13–1.63) | 0.31 | 12% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 1.71 (0.69 to 4.24) | |
| Limited activity | 13 | 16 198 | 1.32 | (1.01–1.72) | 0.28 | 0% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Physical activity | 26 | 8 981 | 0.79 | (0.71–0.88) | −0.24 | 50% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Walking aid | 36 | 54 336 | 2.1 | (1.90–2.32) | 0.74 | 61% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 9.39 (1.17 to 0) | |
| Nonadapted shoes | 5 | 1 671 | 1.97 | (1.48–2.62) | 0.68 | 83% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | ||
| Obstacle on the ground | 6 | 7 522 | 1.73 | (1.55–1.93) | 0.55 | 24% | Bloch et al., 2013 [4] | 1.54 (0.48 to 5.03) | |
| Disturbance of one or more ADL | 13 | 17206 | 2.28 | (2.10–2.48) | 0.82 | 58% | Bloch et al., 2010 [40] | Not estimable | |
| Frequent toileting | 1 | 533 | 1.92 | (1.12–3.27) | 0.62 | — | Sherrington et al., 2010 [41] | 1.26 (0.47 to 3.34) | |
| Pain | 14 | 17926 | 1.56 | (1.36–1.79 | 0.44 | 52% | Stubbs et al., 2014 [42] | 1.61 (0.63 to 4.08) | |
| Dual task | 21 | 1.33 | (1.18–1.50) | 0.29 | 89% | Chu et al., 2013 [43] | Not estimable |
Empty cells indicate that the values were not reported in the meta-analyses. Italic indicates variables that were not assessed with our questionnaire.