Table 2.

RCT studies led by healthcare professionals other than pharmacists grouped together according to type of interventions.

	Author, year	Study duration (months)	Country	Group size (usual care versus intervention)		Intervention strategy	Results
1	Barrera et al., 2012 [69]	12	USA	138	142	Culturally adapted diabetes intervention	Improvement in sources for dietary practice, problem solving, and physical activity
2	Farmer et al., 2012 [63]	5	UK	81	114	Intervention on adherence, reinforcement of positive belief by nurse	Percentage of adherence days in intervention group was 77.4 and usual care group was 69%
3	Keogh et al., 2011 [65]	6	Ireland	61	60	Motivational interviewing	Significant lower A1C Levels (0.66%), significant improvements in beliefs about diabetes, psychological well-being, diet, exercise, and family support
4	DePue et al., 2013 [59], Sinclair et al., 2013 [62], Spencer et al., 2011 [60]	3–12	American Samoa, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific People	34–134	48–134	Community nurse intervention on self-management among diabetes patients	Significant reduction in HbA1c (0.5%–1.1%), understanding of diabetes self-management, and performing diabetes self-management
5	Fischer et al., 2012 [67]	20	USA	381	381	Nurses independently initiated and titrated lipid therapy and promoted behavioural change through motivational interviewing and self-management techniques	Percentage of patients achieving target LDL increased in intervention group
6	Williams et al. 2012 [71], Quinn et al., 2011 [70]	6–12	Australia and USA	60–82	60–81	Nutrition, blood glucose monitoring, medication taking, and lifestyle through telephone	Significant improvement in HbA1c (0.8%–1.9%) and health related quality of life
7	Kang et al., 2010 [66]	6	USA and Taiwan	28	28	Psychological family intervention by healthcare professionals (nurse, pharmacist, physician, physiotherapist, dietitians, foot therapist, and social workers)	Statistically significant improvements in HbA1c (1.35%), beliefs about diabetes, psychological well-being, diet, exercise, and family support
8	Chen et al., 2012 [64]	3	Taiwan	111	104	Motivational interview using Miller and Rollnick's (2002) approach. Intervention based on readiness to change	Improvement in self-management, self-efficacy, quality of life, and HbA1c (0.8%)
9	Wu et al., 2011 [61]	6	Taiwan	73	72	Self-management programmes by nurses	The scores for efficacy expectations, outcome expectations, and self-care activities had significantly increased in the intervention group at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups
10	Adachi et al., 2013 [41]	6	Japan	93	100	Dietician in primary care	Increased intake of vegetable and reduced intake of mean energy intake and HbA1c reduction of 0.7%
11	Weinger et al., 2011 [68]	12	USA	96 & 92	94	Nurse and dietician trained to use brief behavioural cognitive strategies	Improvements in reduction of HbA1c to 0.8%
12	Yang et al., 2013 [12]	84 (7 years)	China	68	70	Diet, exercise, BP, cholesterol, and glycaemic by endocrinologist in hospital	Reduction in macrovascular outcomes