Table 2.

Clinical examples of senescence-associated biomarkers detected in organs and tissues of patients affected by age-related diseases.

Organ/tissue	Senescence-associated biomarkers	Clinical references
Cardiovascular diseases
Aged vascular tissues	Telomeres length, SA-βGal, p16, and p21	[170, 171]
Atherosclerosis
Systolic heart failure
Malignant tumors
Lung cancer	Telomeres length, SA-βgal	[172, 173]
Breast cancer	SA-βgal, p21, p16, DEP1, NTAL, EBP50, STX4, VAMP3, ARMX3, B2MG, LANCL1, VPS26A, and PLD3	[174, 175]
Neuroblastoma	SA-βgal	[176]
Astrocytoma	SA-βgal	[177]
Mesothelioma	SA-βgal, p21	[178]
Melanoma	SA-βgal, p16, and p21	[179]
Prostate cancer	SA-βgal, Glb1, and HP1g	[154, 180]
Liver cancer	Telomeres length, SA-βgal	[181]
Colorectal cancer	Short telomeres	[182]
Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	Telomeres length, IGFBP5, and SA-βgal	[183, 184]
Cystic fibrosis	Telomere length, p16	[185]
Liver fibrosis	Telomere length, IGFBP-5, SA-β-gal, and p21	[183, 186]
Renal fibrosis	p16	[187, 188]
Neurological disorders
Alzheimer's disease	SA-β-gal	[189, 190]
Other diseases
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Telomere length, p16, p21, and SA-βgal	[191, 192]
Pulmonary hypertension	p16, p21	[192, 193]
Emphysema	Telomere length, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-rP1, p16INK4a, and p21	[194, 195]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia	SA-βgal	[196, 197]