Table 4.
Perceived stress in the general population according to demographic characteristics
| Total sample (N = 2463) | Women (n = 1315) | Men (n = 1148) | η2/sign.a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||
| Age | .01* | ||||||
| (A) 14-19 yrs. | 14.05 | 6.54 | 15.02 | 5.93 | 13.42 | 6.88 | |
| (B) 20-39 yrs. | 12.74 | 6.67 | 13.34 | 6.75 | 12.01 | 6.51 | |
| (C) 40-59 yrs. | 12.82 | 6.42 | 12.99 | 6.48 | 12.61 | 6.35 | |
| (D) ≥ 60 yrs. | 11.94 | 6.14 | 12.82 | 6.08 | 10.92 | 6.06 | |
| Marital status | .01* | ||||||
| (A) unmarried | 13.41 | 6.70 | 14.40 | 6.64 | 12.58 | 6.65 | |
| (B) married | 12.07 | 5.90 | 12.57 | 5.77 | 11.60 | 6.02 | |
| (C) divorced | 13.09 | 6.84 | 13.33 | 6.90 | 12.77 | 6.78 | |
| (D) widowed | 12.93 | 6.36 | 12.86 | 6.35 | 13.18 | 6.45 | |
| Children | |||||||
| yes | 12.88 | 6.21 | 13.07 | 6.08 | 12.62 | 6.39 | |
| no | 12.48 | 6.49 | 13.11 | 6.54 | 11.80 | 3.37 | |
| Migration | |||||||
| yes | 13.62 | 6.50 | 13.92 | 6.43 | 13.27 | 6.64 | |
| no | 12.54 | 6.42 | 13.07 | 6.42 | 11.93 | 6.37 | |
| Religion | .01* | ||||||
| (A) Christian | 12.51 | 6.54 | 13.09 | 6.52 | 11.79 | 6.05 | |
| (B) Muslim | 15.40 | 6.23 | 16.00 | 5.74 | 14.97 | 6.61 | |
| (C) other | 12.51 | 5.79 | 12.97 | 6.22 | 11.42 | 4.62 | |
| (D) no religion | 12.48 | 6.11 | 12.89 | 6.09 | 12.09 | 6.10 | |
| Education | .01* | ||||||
| (A) <10th grade | 12.72 | 6.48 | 13.17 | 6.44 | 12.24 | 6.50 | |
| (B) completed 10th grade | 12.50 | 6.37 | 12.98 | 6.43 | 11.82 | 6.22 | |
| (C) high school | 12.60 | 6.37 | 13.16 | 6.68 | 12.01 | 6.00 | |
| (D) college/university | 11.16 | 5.79 | 11.97 | 5.61 | 10.44 | 5.87 | |
| (E) without qualification | 15.68 | 7.22 | 16.02 | 6.60 | 15.26 | 8.00 | |
| Employment | .02* | ||||||
| (A) Employed | 12.32 | 6.30 | 12.79 | 6.34 | 11.83 | 6.22 | |
| (B) Student/training | 13.72 | 6.52 | 15.13 | 6.37 | 12.58 | 6.45 | |
| (C) Unemployed | 15.39 | 7.42 | 15.05 | 7.54 | 15.73 | 7.32 | |
| (D) Retired | 12.14 | 6.28 | 13.01 | 6.28 | 11.13 | 6.13 | |
| (E) Household | 12.59 | 6.26 | 12.53 | 6.27 | 13.18 | 6.40 | |
| Incomeb | .02* | ||||||
| (A) ≤ 750 | 13.83 | 6.54 | 13.47 | 6.33 | 15.04 | 7.11 | |
| (B) 751-1250 | 13.33 | 6.64 | 13.60 | 6.65 | 12.86 | 6.60 | |
| (C) 1251-2000 | 11.68 | 6.21 | 12.11 | 6.25 | 11.31 | 6.16 | |
| (D) 2001-3500 | 11.77 | 6.14 | 13.26 | 5.84 | 11.26 | 6.16 | |
| (E) > 3500 | 11.36 | 5.64 | 13.79 | 6.94 | 10.59 | 5.01 | |
* = p < .01; η2 = effect size; aANOVA main effects; significant Scheffé-tests: age: (A) > (D), (C) > (D); marital status: (A), (C) > (B); religion: (B) > (A), (D); education: (E) > (A), (B), (C), (D); (A) > (D); employment: (C) > (A), (D), (E);; income: (A) > (C), (D); (B) > (C), (D); b€/month per person