Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| All | Diabetes first (6/13) | Palaeolithic first (7/13) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex male/female (n) | 10/3 | 4/2 | 6/1 |
| Age (years) | 64 (6) | 63 (6) | 66 (6) |
| Height (cm) | 171 (5) | 170 (6) | 172 (4) |
| Weight (kg) | 87 (17) | 92 (20) | 82 (13) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30 (7) | 32 (8) | 28 (4) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 103 (14) | 109 (17) | 97 (9) |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 8 (5) | 11 (6) | 6 (4) |
| Diabetic values at OGTT yes/no (n) | 12/1 | 6/0 | 6/1 |
| Lipid lowering drug (=statin) yes/no (n) | 8/5 | 4/2 | 4/3 |
| Drugs per day | 4.3 (2.3) | 3.7 (1.8) | 4.9 (2.7) |
| Antihypertensive drugs per day | 1.5 (1.5) | 1.2 (1.2) | 1.9 (1.7) |
| Beta-blocker yes/no (n) | 4/9 | 1/5 | 3/4 |
| Thiazide yes/no (n) | 4/9 | 1/5 | 3/4 |
| ACE inhibitor yes/no (n) | 5/8 | 2/4 | 3/4 |
| Angiotensin-II receptor blocker yes/no (n) | 4/9 | 2/4 | 2/5 |
| Calcium channel blocker yes/no (n) | 3/10 | 1/5 | 2/5 |
| Anti-diabetic drugs per day | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.9) |
| Metformin yes/no (n) | 9/4 | 5/1 | 4/3 |
| Dosage, mg/day | 1031 (864) | 1283 (950) | 814 (790) |
| Sulphonylurea yes/no (n) | 3/10 | 2/4 | 1/6 |
| Thiazolidinedione yes/no (n) | 3/10 | 2/4 | 1/6 |
| Plasma adiponectin (µg/ml) | 4.8 (4.16) | 4.8 (2.5) | 4.9 (5.4) |
| Plasma adipsin (ng/ml) | 797 (157) | 804 (218) | 792 (178) |
| Plasma C-peptide (pg/ml) | 487 (275) | 437 (276) | 531 (289) |
| Plasma ghrelin (pg/ml) | 568 (129) | 613 (165) | 530 (82) |
| Plasma GIP (pg/ml) | 232 (91.6) | 226 (83) | 237 (105) |
| Plasma GLP-1 (pg/ml) | 26.8 (3.39) | 26.4 (4.5) | 27.1 (2.4) |
| Plasma glucagon (pg/ml) | 425 (44.34) | 435 (52.4) | 417 (38.4) |
| Plasma leptin (ng/ml) | 9.84 (12.18) | 12.1 (17) | 7.9 (6.8) |
| Plasma resistin (ng/ml) | 2.21 (0.39) | 2.3 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.4) |
| Plasma visfatin (ng/ml) | 2.52 (0.75) | 2.7 (0.5) | 2.4 (0.7) |
Data is presented as mean values with SD in brackets, unless stated
ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1