Table 2.
Hormone levels, and weight, after the Palaeolithic diet and diabetes diet
| Outcome | Palaeolithic diet | Diabetes diet | Delta diets | p a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiponectin (µg/ml) | 5.2 ± 4.4 (2.5 to 7.9) | 5.7 ± 5.4 (2.5 to 9.1) | −0.5 ± 1.2 (−1.3 to 0.2) | 0.153 |
| Adipsin (ng/ml) | 787 ± 182 (677 to 896) | 776 ± 153 (684 to 869) | 10 ± 79 (−37 to 58) | 0.650 |
| C-peptide (pg/ml) | 455 ± 224 (319 to 590) | 412 ± 204 (289 to 535) | 43 ± 262 (−116 to 201) | 0.644 |
| Ghrelin (pg/ml) | 540 ± 97 (481 to 598) | 566 ± 145 (478 to 654) | −26 ± 74 (−70 to 18) | 0.226 |
| GIP (pg/ml) | 254 ± 266 (93 to 415) | 186 ± 75 (141 to 232) | 68 ± 264 (−92 to 227) | 0.600b |
| GLP-1 (pg/ml) | 27 ± 9.3 (22 to 33) | 27 ± 3.7 (25 to 29) | 0.4 ± 7.7 (−4.3 to 5.12) | 0.235b |
| Glucagon (pg/ml) | 409 ± 40 (385 to 433) | 431 ± 51 (400 to 463) | −22 ± 43 (−48 to 3.9) | 0.089 |
| Insulin (pg/ml) | 248 ± 138 (165 to 332) | 336 ± 327 (138 to 533) | −87 ± 240 (−232 to 58) | 0.266 |
| Insulinc (pg/ml) | 401 ± 174 (296 to 506) | 391 ± 115 (322 to 461) | 9.8 ± 172 (−94 to 114) | 0.840 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 5.1 ± 4.9 (2.1 to 8.0) | 7.4 ± 8.3 (2.4 to 12) | −2.3 ± 4.6 (−5.1 to 0.4) | 0.023 b |
| Resistin (ng/ml) | 2.5 ± 0.9 (1.9 to 3.0) | 2.3 ± 0.6 (2.0 to 2.7) | 0.2 ± 0.6 (−0.2 to 0.5) | 0.356 |
| Visfatin (ng/ml) | 2.4 ± 0.7 (2.0 to 2.9) | 2.5 ± 0.6 (2.1 to 2.8) | −0.1 ± 0.5 (−0.3 to 0.3) | 0.906 |
| Weight (kg) | 81 ± 13 (74 to 88) | 84 ± 15 (76 to 92) | −3.3 ± 3.8 (−5.7 to −1.0) | 0.008 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation (95 % CI)
Significance tests are paired t test for normally distributed data and Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank sum test for non-normally distributed data
Significant p values are indicated by italics font
GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1
a p for difference between diets
bData non-normally distributed (Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank sum test)
cOld insulin values previously published