Fig. 4.

Shows the schematic presentation of the IFN-α/β and IFNγ receptors linked to the Jaks for the TO-VS-IFN/SAV3 and TO-VS-SAV3. In pathway A, the IFN-α/β binds Jak1 and Tyk2 receptor subunits linked to Stats 1 and 2, followed by a pathway that translocates the phophorylated Stats into nucleus. In pathway B, the IFNγ receptor is shown to bind to Jaks 1 and 2, which are linked to Stat1 and the phosphorylated Stats are shown to translocate to the nucleus. Based on data shown in Table 2, the TO-VS-IFN/SAV3 uses both pathways A and B using the IFN-α/β and IFNγ ligands while the TO-VS-SAV3 only uses pathway A using the IFN-α/β ligand. This model is adapted from IFN-receptor signaling pathways for the Jak/stat pathway in higher vertebrates [41, 42, 70]