Table 2.
Sociodemographic, economic, discrimination and health characteristics of the combined United For Health (UFH; Greater Boston Area, 2003–2004) and My Body, My Story (MBMS; Boston, 2008–2010) study participants and the corresponding Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) values (N=2203)
| Variable | Distribution*
|
ICE measures: mean (SD)*
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Per cent | ICEinc | ICEedu | ICErace_wb | ICEwb+inc | ICEwpc+inc | ||
| ICE | ||||||||
| ICEinc | 2151 | NA | −0.12 (0.26) | |||||
| (missing: N, %) | (52) | (2.4) | ||||||
| ICEedu | 2151 | NA | 0.09 (0.27) | |||||
| (missing: N, %) | (52) | (2.4) | ||||||
| ICErace_wb | 2151 | NA | 0.20 (0.55) | |||||
| (missing: N, %) | (52) | (2.4) | ||||||
| ICEwb+inc | 2151 | NA | 0.03 (0.21) | |||||
| (missing: N, %) | (52) | (2.4) | ||||||
| ICEwpc+inc | 2151 | NA | −0.06 (0.27) | |||||
| (missing: N, %) | (52) | (2.4) | ||||||
| Sociodemographic | ||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 25–34 | 233 | 10.6 | −0.14 (0.24) | 0.07 (0.24) | 0.13 (0.57) | −0.01 (0.21) | −0.09 (0.25) | |
| 35–54 | 1514 | 68.7 | −0.12 (0.26) | 0.08 (0.26) | 0.21 (0.54) | 0.03 (0.21) | −0.06 (0.27) | |
| 55–64 | 456 | 20.7 | −0.10 (0.28) | 0.12 (0.29) | 0.20 (0.56) | 0.04 (0.23) | −0.05 (0.28) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (0) | (0.0) | ||||||
| Nativity | ||||||||
| US born | 1575 | 73.3 | −0.10 (0.27) | 0.12 (0.27) | 0.16 (0.56) | 0.02 (0.23) | −0.07 (0.28) | |
| Not US born | 575 | 26.7 | −0.15 (0.25) | 0.00 (0.24) | 0.29 (0.49) | 0.04 (0.18) | −0.06 (0.24) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (53) | (2.4) | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Women | 1096 | 50.4 | −0.11 (0.27) | 0.12 (0.27) | 0.14 (0.56) | 0.02 (0.23) | −0.07 (0.28) | |
| Men | 1078 | 49.6 | −0.12 (0.26) | 0.06 (0.26) | 0.25 (0.53) | 0.04 (0.20) | −0.06 (0.26) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (29) | (1.3) | ||||||
| Study | ||||||||
| MBMS | 1001 | 45.4 | −0.08 (0.28) | 0.17 (0.28) | 0.14 (0.57) | 0.03 (0.24) | −0.06 (0.30) | |
| UFH | 1202 | 54.6 | −0.14 (0.24) | 0.02 (0.24) | 0.24 (0.52) | 0.03 (0.19) | −0.07 (0.24) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (0) | (0.0) | ||||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Black | 982 | 45.4 | −0.18 (0.24) | 0.03 (0.24) | 0.05 (0.55) | −0.03 (0.20) | −0.14 (0.25) | |
| Latino | 274 | 12.7 | −0.13 (0.25) | 0.04 (0.25) | 0.15 (0.56) | 0.00 (0.20) | −0.09 (0.26) | |
| White | 788 | 36.4 | −0.03 (0.27) | 0.18 (0.27) | 0.38 (0.48) | 0.11 (0.21) | 0.04 (0.26) | |
| Other population of colour | 121 | 5.6 | −0.14 (0.25) | 0.03 (0.23) | 0.29 (0.49) | 0.04 (0.18) | −0.06 (0.24) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (38) | (1.7) | ||||||
| Economic | ||||||||
| Individual level: current | ||||||||
| Occupational class | ||||||||
| Working class: non-supervisory employee | 1033 | 52.3 | −0.13 (0.26) | 0.05 (0.26) | 0.22 (0.54) | 0.03 (0.21) | −0.07 (0.26) | |
| Not working class: supervisory employee | 434 | 22.0 | −0.10 (0.27) | 0.10 (0.26) | 0.17 (0.55) | 0.03 (0.22) | −0.06 (0.27) | |
| Self-employed/freelance | 147 | 7.4 | −0.04 (0.24) | 0.16 (0.27) | 0.25 (0.56) | 0.07 (0.22) | 0.00 (0.26) | |
| Own or run business | 104 | 5.3 | −0.09 (0.25) | 0.12 (0.28) | 0.26 (0.50) | 0.06 (0.20) | −0.04 (0.26) | |
| Not in paid labour force | 259 | 13.1 | −0.12 (0.30) | 0.16 (0.29) | 0.14 (0.58) | 0.02 (0.24) | −0.08 (0.31) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (226) | (10.3) | ||||||
| Educational attainment | ||||||||
| <High school (HS)/12 years/GED | 403 | 19.3 | −0.14 (0.26) | 0.06 (0.26) | 0.18 (0.55) | 0.01 (0.21) | −0.09 (0.27) | |
| ≥HS/GED and <4 years college | 1333 | 63.7 | −0.13 (0.26) | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.18 (0.56) | 0.02 (0.21) | −0.08 (0.27) | |
| ≥4 years college | 355 | 17.0 | −0.03 (0.27) | 0.20 (0.30) | 0.25 (0.51) | 0.09 (0.22) | 0.00 (0.28) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (112) | (5.1) | ||||||
| Household-level: current | ||||||||
| Annual household income (US$) | ||||||||
| <12 000 | 519 | 26.1 | −0.16 (0.26) | 0.05 (0.25) | 0.16 (0.54) | 0.00 (0.20) | −0.10 (0.26) | |
| 12 000 to <36 000 | 727 | 36.6 | −0.13 (0.25) | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.20 (0.55) | 0.02 (0.21) | −0.07 (0.27) | |
| 36 000 to <48 000 | 155 | 7.8 | −0.11 (0.25) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.27 (0.54) | 0.04 (0.21) | −0.04 (0.26) | |
| 48 000 to <72 000 | 306 | 15.4 | −0.08 (0.26) | 0.12 (0.26) | 0.19 (0.55) | 0.05 (0.22) | −0.04 (0.27) | |
| 72 000 to <120 000 | 135 | 6.8 | −0.04 (0.27) | 0.20 (0.29) | 0.22 (0.53) | 0.07 (0.24) | −0.01 (0.28) | |
| ≥120 000 | 147 | 7.4 | −0.05 (0.28) | 0.15 (0.30) | 0.23 (0.54) | 0.07 (0.23) | −0.02 (0.30) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (214) | (9.7) | ||||||
| Poverty level (household) | ||||||||
| <100% poverty | 733 | 37.0 | −0.17 (0.26) | 0.04 (0.25) | 0.15 (0.55) | 0.00 (0.21) | −0.11 (0.27) | |
| 100–199% poverty | 451 | 22.8 | −0.10 (0.26) | 0.10 (0.27) | 0.25 (0.56) | 0.04 (0.22) | −0.04 (0.28) | |
| ≥200% poverty | 797 | 40.2 | −0.08 (0.27) | 0.13 (0.27) | 0.22 (0.53) | 0.05 (0.22) | −0.03 (0.27) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (222) | (10.1) | ||||||
| Census tract: current | ||||||||
| ≥20% below poverty | 1009 | 46.9 | −0.32 (0.19) | −0.06 (0.23) | −0.05 (0.51) | −0.11 (0.17) | −0.26 (0.20) | |
| 10–19% below poverty | 572 | 26.6 | −0.04 (0.13) | 0.15 (0.24) | 0.19 (0.52) | 0.05 (0.16) | 0.00 (0.16) | |
| 5–9% below poverty | 372 | 17.3 | 0.09 (0.14) | 0.22 (0.18) | 0.55 (0.34) | 0.19 (0.13) | 0.16 (0.14) | |
| <5% below poverty | 198 | 9.2 | 0.28 (0.14) | 0.36 (0.19) | 0.79 (0.18) | 0.34 (0.13) | 0.33 (0.13) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (52) | (2.4) | ||||||
| Childhood: household education† | ||||||||
| <HS/12 years/GED | 521 | 29.1 | −0.14 (0.26) | 0.05 (0.26) | 0.20 (0.54) | 0.02 (0.21) | −0.08 (0.27) | |
| ≥HS/GED and <4 years college | 918 | 51.3 | −0.11 (0.26) | 0.09 (0.25) | 0.21 (0.55) | 0.03 (0.21) | −0.06 (0.27) | |
| ≥4 years college | 350 | 19.6 | −0.05 (0.28) | 0.18 (0.30) | 0.21 (0.55) | 0.06 (0.23) | −0.02 (0.29) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (414) | (18.8) | ||||||
| Exposure to racial discrimination | ||||||||
| Experiences of discrimination (EOD) | ||||||||
| EOD (categorical) | ||||||||
| 0 (none) | 840 | 38.9 | −0.09 (0.26) | 0.10 (0.28) | 0.23 (0.53) | 0.05 (0.22) | −0.03 (0.27) | |
| 1–2 (moderate) | 554 | 25.7 | −0.10 (0.27) | 0.12 (0.26) | 0.21 (0.53) | 0.04 (0.20) | −0.05 (0.28) | |
| 3+ (high) | 764 | 35.4 | −0.15 (0.25) | 0.06 (0.25) | 0.17 (0.55) | 0.02 (0.22) | −0.11 (0.27) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (45) | (2.0) | ||||||
| Health outcomes | ||||||||
| Body mass index (BMI) | ||||||||
| <25 (not overweight or obese) | 477 | 22.6 | −0.09 (0.27) | 0.12 (0.27) | 0.19 (0.55) | 0.04 (0.23) | −0.04 (0.28) | |
| 25 to <30 (overweight) | 725 | 34.4 | −0.12 (0.25) | 0.06 (0.26) | 0.22 (0.52) | 0.03 (0.20) | −0.06 (0.26) | |
| ≥30 (obese) | 907 | 43.0 | −0.12 (0.27) | 0.08 (0.26) | 0.21 (0.55) | 0.02 (0.22) | −0.07 (0.28) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (94) | (4.3) | ||||||
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Non-smoker | 1521 | 69.5 | −0.11 (0.26) | 0.09 (0.27) | 0.21 (0.53) | 0.04 (0.21) | −0.06 (0.27) | |
| Current smoker | 667 | 30.5 | −0.13 (0.26) | 0.09 (0.26) | 0.16 (0.57) | 0.01 (0.22) | −0.08 (0.26) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (15) | (0.7) | ||||||
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No | 1408 | 65.8 | −0.11 (0.26) | 0.08 (0.27) | 0.24 (0.54) | 0.04 (0.21) | −0.05 (0.27) | |
| Yes | 733 | 34.2 | −0.13 (0.27) | 0.09 (0.26) | 0.11 (0.55) | 0.00 (0.22) | −0.10 (0.27) | |
| (missing: N, %) | (62) | (2.8) | ||||||
*
The per cent distributions are based on the observed (non-missing) values, and the per cent missing is based on the total eligible participants (n=2203); the reported means (SD) for the ICE measures are based on the imputed data (n=2145) and bold font connotes p<0.05 for differences in ICE distribution across categories of variable.
†
Highest level of education attained in the household by the mother, father, or guardian.
NA, not applicable.