Appendix D.
Bivariate Genome-wide Covariance Estimates For BMI and SES Measures
| Childhood SES | Young Adulthood SES | Late Adulthood SES | Cumulative Advantage in SES | SES Trajectory | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetic variance | |||||
| BMI | 5.49(1.86) | 5.80(1.84) | 5.89(1.84) | 5.86(1.84) | 5.92(1.84) |
| SES | .08(.03) | .19(.04) | .20(.04) | .34(.08) | .32(.11) |
| Cov(BMI, SES) | −.26(.18) | −.31(.19) | −.08(.21) | −.32(.27) | −.22(.32) |
| Residual varaince | |||||
| BMI | 20.54(1.32) | 20.33(1.31) | 20.27(1.31) | 20.29(1.30) | 20.25(1.30) |
| SES | .39(.02) | .39(.03) | .44(.03) | .64(.05) | 1.03(.08) |
| Cov(BMI, SES) | −.03(.13) | −.16(.14) | −.44(.14) | −.51(.19) | −.57(.23) |
| Phenotypic variance | |||||
| BMI | 26.03(.71) | 26.13(.71) | 26.16(.71) | 26.15(.71) | 26.17(.71) |
| SES | .47(.01) | .58(.02) | .64(.02) | .98(.03) | 1.35(.04) |
| Heritability | |||||
| BMI | .21(.07) | .22(.07) | .23(.07) | .22(.07) | .23(.07) |
| SES | .17(.07) | .32(.06) | .32(.06) | .35(.07) | .23(.08) |
| rGE Test | |||||
| rG | −.39(.30) | −.30(.18) | −.07(.18) | −.22(.19) | −.16(.23) |
| df | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| p-value | .14 | .10 | .70 | .22 | .50 |
Note: To detect potential correlation between SES variables and genetic variants other than the 32 GWAS SNPs used to construct the GPS, we employed bivariate genome-wide-complex-trait-analysis (GCTA) model to assess rGE based on the whole genome (Lee et al. 2012). As a result, there is no significant evidence that SES and BMI are influenced by common variants from the whole genome.