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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 22.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Phys. 2016 Feb 1;12(5):460–464. doi: 10.1038/nphys3642

a, b, Measured (a) and theoretically predicted (b) electron temperature changes with respect to the zero-bias case (V_B = 0) for Island A as functions of the voltage V_B and bath temperature T₀. At each T₀, the maximum cooling is obtained at V_B ≈ 0.4 mV ≈ 2Δ/e, as indicated by the white arrows. c, d, As in panels (a, b), but for temperature changes of Island B. e, Measured (markers) and simulated (lines) temperature changes at the maximum cooling point as functions of the bath temperature. The errorbars indicate the standard deviation of the measured temperatures. f, The ratio of the temperature changes in (e). Measurement results from the control sample () are shown for comparison.

Inline graphic — a, b, Measured (a) and theoretically predicted (b) electron temperature changes with respect to the zero-bias case (V_B = 0) for Island A as functions of the voltage V_B and bath temperature T₀. At each T₀, the maximum cooling is obtained at V_B ≈ 0.4 mV ≈ 2Δ/e, as indicated by the white arrows. c, d, As in panels (a, b), but for temperature changes of Island B. e, Measured (markers) and simulated (lines) temperature changes at the maximum cooling point as functions of the bath temperature. The errorbars indicate the standard deviation of the measured temperatures. f, The ratio of the temperature changes in (e). Measurement results from the control sample () are shown for comparison.