Table 4.
Association of Patient Characteristics and Antimicrobial Drug Exposure With Hypoglycemic Events Among Glipizide or Glyburide Usersa
| Characteristic | Odds Ratio (95% CI)b |
|---|---|
| Exposure to antimicrobial drug | |
| Ciprofloxacinc | 1.62 (1.33–1.97) |
| Clarithromycind | 3.96 (2.42–6.49) |
| Fluconazole | 0.92 (0.52–1.61) |
| Levofloxacine | 2.60 (2.18–3.10) |
| Metronidazolef | 2.11 (1.28–3.47) |
| Moxifloxacin | 1.13 (0.65–1.98) |
| Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprimg | 2.56 (2.12–3.10) |
| Noninteracting antimicrobialsh | 1 [Reference] |
| Age at antimicrobial use, range, y | |
| 66–70 | 1 [Reference] |
| 71–75 | 1.37 (1.12–1.69) |
| 76–80 | 1.66 (1.35–2.04) |
| 81–85 | 2.02 (1.63–2.50) |
| ≥86 | 2.03 (1.61–2.55) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 1 [Reference] |
| Female | 1.43 (1.23–1.67) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 1 [Reference] |
| Black | 1.80 (1.47–2.19) |
| Hispanic | 1.33 (1.13–1.56) |
| Other | 0.86 (0.56–1.33) |
| Medicaid eligibility at the year of antimicrobial drug use | |
| No | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 1.09 (0.94–1.27) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score | |
| 0 | 1 [Reference] |
| 1 | 1.14 (0.94–1.39) |
| 2 | 1.36 (1.11–1.66) |
| ≥3 | 1.76 (1.45–2.13) |
| Prior emergency department visit for hypoglycemia in prior year (yes vs no) | 4.02 (3.32–4.86) |
| Prior hospitalization for any cause in prior year (yes vs no) | 1.32 (1.14–1.54) |
| Nursing facility residence (yes vs no) | 1.11 (0.93–1.32) |
| Indication for antimicrobial use (yes vs no) | |
| Acute respiratory infections | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) |
| Pneumonia | 1.24 (0.94–1.63) |
| Other respiratory diseases | 1.06 (0.84–1.34) |
| Skin infections or ulcers | 1.25 (1.01–1.55) |
| Gastrointestinal tract diseases | 1.36 (0.85–2.16) |
| Ear diseases | 0.87 (0.45–1.68) |
| Genitourinary and kidney diseases | 1.49 (1.29–1.73) |
| Other bacterial diseases | 1.30 (0.97–1.73) |
| Mycoses | 1.27 (0.94–1.72) |
| Fever and other disturbances of temperature regulation | 1.48 (0.92–2.37) |
| Otheri | 1.29 (0.79–2.12) |
Glipzide and glyburide prescriptions were combined for this analysis (n = 133 535).
95% Confidence intervals were estimated using bootstrap method (1000 samples).
Number needed to harm: 334 (95% CI, 223–595).
Number needed to harm: 71 (95% CI, 43–157).
Number needed to harm: 131 (95% CI, 107–168).
Number needed to harm: 187 (95% CI, 92–1457).
Number needed to harm: 133 (95% CI, 107–180).
Including amoxicillin, azithromycin, cefdinir, cefuroxime, cephalexin, clindamycin, doxycycline, nitrofurantoin, and penicillin V.
Including gingival, periodontal, oral diseases, inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, heart infections, bone infections.