. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Autism Dev Disord. 2015 Nov;45(11):3594–3605. doi: 10.1007/s10803-015-2505-7

Table 2.

Means and standard deviations of empathy and self-understanding measures

	ASD (n=12)	HR-noASD (n=27)	LR (n=30)

	M (SD)	M (SD)	M (SD)
Crying Baby
Empathic Concern¹	1.17 (1.19)^a	1.48 (1.04)^a	2.14 (0.76)^b
Self-Distress¹	1.00 (1.21)	1.70 (0.93)	1.86 (0.65)
Engage parent²	0.92 (1.73)^a	2.60 (2.12)^b	4.68 (2.40)^c
Interest³	3.08 (2.11)	2.83 (1.72)	3.50 (1.00)
Hurt Finger
Empathic Concern¹	0.33 (0.49)^a	0.96 (0.90)^b	1.50 (0.90)^b
Self-Distress¹	0.25 (0.45)^a	1.11 (1.01)^b	1.17 (0.83)^b
UCLA Self-Understanding Questionnaire	13.25 (7.62)^a	23.74 (9.30)^b	29.73 (7.43)^c

Note: Data on four HR-noASD and two LR toddlers are missing for crying baby

HR-ASD = high risk toddlers with a later ASD diagnosis

HR-noASD = high risk toddlers with a later ASD diagnosis

LR = low risk toddlers

Means with different superscripts differ at p <.05 or better; see text.

Rating of behavior (0-3)

Engage parent = sum of pointing, referencing, and talking about the crying baby across the three 20-second intervals (possible range 0-9)

Interest = sum of approach and look at the crying baby across the three 20-second intervals (possible range 0-6)