Table 1.
Characteristics of Mothers and Children Enrolled in the Study and of Their Households, According to Maternal Helminth Infection Status
| Variable | Infants of Uninfected Mothers (n = 927) | Infants of Infected Mothers (n = 712) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mother | |||
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 25.8 ± 6.1 | 24.7 ± 6.2 | <.001 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Afro-Ecuadorian | 18.10 | 32.10 | <.001 |
| Othera | 81.90 | 67.80 | |
| Education | |||
| Illiterate | 9.20 | 17.60 | <.001 |
| Primary completed | 53.40 | 63.30 | |
| Secondary completed | 37.40 | 19.10 | |
| Helminth detection | |||
| Any | 0 | 100 | <.001 |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | 0 | 59.40 | <.001 |
| Trichuris trichiura | 0 | 59.80 | <.001 |
| Hookworm | 0 | 13.20 | <.001 |
| Strongyloides stercoralis | 0 | 8.70 | <.001 |
| Hymenolepis nana | 0 | 1.00 | .002 |
| Helminth intensityb (n = 13c) | |||
| Ascaris lumbricoides | |||
| Light | 0 | 90.00 | <.001 |
| Moderate | 0 | 9.00 | |
| Heavy | 0 | 1.00 | |
| Trichuris trichiura | |||
| Light | 0 | 92.60 | <.001 |
| Moderate | 0 | 7.00 | |
| Heavy | 0 | 0.40 | |
| Household | |||
| Residence | |||
| Urban | 67.90 | 72.60 | .037 |
| Rural | 32.10 | 27.40 | |
| Socioeconomic status | |||
| Low | 25.20 | 35.00 | <.001 |
| Medium | 33.00 | 36.50 | |
| High | 41.80 | 28.50 | |
| Overcrowding | |||
| Yes | 35.00 | 47.10 | <.001 |
| Bathroom | |||
| Field | 1.30 | 1.70 | <.001 |
| Latrine | 62.70 | 72.90 | |
| Water closet | 36.00 | 25.40 | |
| Child | |||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 49.30 | 52.10 | .26 |
| Female | 50.70 | 48.90 | |
| Gestational age, wk, mean ± SD | 39.0 ± 1.7 | 39.1 ± 1.7 | .461 |
| Breast-feeding duration, mo | |||
| <6 | 10.50 | 9.10 | .647 |
| 6–12 | 44.70 | 46.00 | |
| >12 | 44.80 | 44.90 | |
| Age at evaluation, mo, mean ± SD | 13.8 ± 1.5 | 13.8 ± 1.6 | .944 |
| Helminth detected (n = 196c) | |||
| Any | 5.90 | 18.00 | <.001 |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | 4.50 | 13.20 | <.001 |
| Trichuris trichiura | 1.10 | 5.80 | <.001 |
| Hookworm | 0.10 | 0.30 | .409 |
| Strongyloides stercoralis | 0.20 | 0.50 | .445 |
| Hymenolepis nana | 0.20 | 0.30 | .78 |
| Vaccine, doses, no. | |||
| Pentavalent (n = 51c) | |||
| 3 | 100 | 100 | |
| OPV (n = 49c) | |||
| 0 | 0.10 | 0.30 | .603 |
| 1 | 0.10 | 0 | |
| 2 | 1.20 | 1.60 | |
| 3 | 98.60 | 98.10 | |
| MMR (n = 116c) | |||
| 0 | 35.30 | 43.50 | .001 |
| 1 | 64.70 | 56.60 | |
| RV (n = 100c) | |||
| 0 | 30.80 | 34.00 | .191 |
| 1 | 13.40 | 14.80 | |
| 2 | 55.80 | 51.10 | |
Data are % of subjects, unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: OPV, oral polio vaccine; SD, standard deviation.
a A total of 1236 were mestizo and 6 were Amerindian.
b Data denote World Health Organization categories of infection intensities, which are based on egg counts in stool samples [17]. For A. lumbricoides, light intensity is defined as <5000 eggs per gram of stool, moderate intensity is defined as 5000–49 999 eggs per gram of stool, and heavy intensity is defined as ≥50 000 eggs per gram of stool. For T. trichiura, light intensity is defined as <1000 eggs per gram of stool, moderate intensity is defined as 1000–9999 eggs per gram of stool, and heavy intensity is defined as ≥10 000 eggs per gram of stool.
c Data denote the number of subjects with an unknown date of helminth intensity measurement, helminth detection, or vaccination.